And what if, he asked a decade ago, messenger RNA (mRNA) could be the basis of therapeutics? Noubar Afeyan (born July 25, 1962), is an American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, inventor, technologist, and CEO. To take the example I know best, mRNA vaccines went from being commercially non-existent in January of 2020, dosed in a small number of humans across a dozen or so clinical trials, to more than three billion doses of life-saving mRNA vaccines delivered to people across the world. [33] and Future Armenian public initiative. Between 2000 and 2005 the firm produced an average of two companies a year. Noubar Afeyan launched 70 companies by pushing researchers to ask what if their craziest ideas were true. By Stuart Anderson Senior Contributor, Leadership Strategy. This article was published last August by Forbes, Moderna made big news again on November 16. But he still likes to keep a hand in everything. Draw a circle around what currently exists, Afeyan says, and then draw a bigger circle around whats adjacent to that. Noubar Afeyan (Western Armenian: ; born in 1962) is an American-Canadian entrepreneur, inventor, and philanthropist. He and his colleagues were looking for a way to deploy the messenger RNA molecule to tackle life-threatening. He received the Golden Door Award in 2017 from the International Institute of New England in recognition of his contribution to the US as a foreign-born American. Early detection also offers an opportunity to radically change peoples relationship with their own health by empowering them to control their own health future with the information and the tools to preempt disease and reverse or manage a predisease condition. It was a very difficult time for biology. [15] In 2020 Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan lauded Afeyan, Vardanyan and Gregorian for "glorifying humanity," and "materializ[ing] the noble idea of immortalizing the memory of the innocent victims of the Armenian Genocide."[31]. 07:31 - Source: CNN Stories worth watching 16 videos On GPS: Moderna CEO on. [9], In 2021, Afeyan announced that Moderna would not enforce its patent rights against anyone using those patents to make Covid-19 vaccines. He serves on the board of Ameriabank, a leading bank in Armenia. [15], Since 2000, Afeyan has been teaching courses on entrepreneurship, innovation and leadership at the Massachusetts Institute of Technologys Sloan School of Management. The answer, to me, is the big scientific breakthroughs that come from bold scientific leaps. How MIT Solve is addressing the global demand for social impact initiatives. Francine Lacqua speaks with Moderna co-founder Noubar Afeyan about his path to success, the promise of mRNA technology and the coronavirus vaccine. Updated. In addition to investing in startups the idea was to be more systematic in developing companies. 1 injured after shooting on 110 Fwy in Carson, Windshield covers and other handy gear you need for, 18 trendy cowboy boots to wear this winter, 18 books youll want to read on Dr. Seuss Day, RFK assassin Sirhan Sirhan denied parole by California, Home Depot has open positions for L.A. residents, Teen stabbed to death at Northern California school, Why Im not celebrating Lillys insulin price cut, Cat spends 6 days alone in Vegas hotel room, Explosive found in bag at PA airport, man arrested, Burger King brings back fan-favorite item. Consider Flagships work in the microbiome, the flourishing microorganisms that live within us, especially in our guts. The engineer, who was born in Beirut to Armenian parents and left during Lebanon's civil . He was born in Beirut, Lebanon to parents of Armenian descent. If the idea proves out in the lab, Flagship gives the new company a name and commits $20 million or more to it as a wholly owned subsidiary. Afeyan has since launched 40 other companies, including Moderna, which is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Noubar Afeyan, Founder and CEO, Flagship Pioneering speaks with Bloomberg's Shery Ahn at the Qatar Economic Forum, powered by Bloomberg. in the middle. Noubar also leads the firm's VentureLabs unit that invents and launches transformative startups. It should follow, therefore, that capital markets are reflecting this enthusiasm and sense of possibility, but in fact, the picture there was very mixed in 2021. He starts with those what-if questions. The work in the microbiome, in part, led to more recent work on viruses as Afeyan and his team questioned whether there are viruses in our bodies that arent pathological. [7][1][3] He was the first PhD graduate from MITs Center for Bioprocess Engineering, at the time the only institution with that degree program. Weve entered the year with hard-earned wisdom: We know what it looks like to be a step behind a global pathogen, and what it costs. Noubar Afeyan. The building blocks of these biological modalities can be arranged rationally to achieve the desired effects in the human body. He also leads the firm's VentureLabs unit that invents and launches transformative startups. Noubar Afeyan, Moderna co-founder, supports and encourages MIT students to seize opportunities in Armenia . Afeyan is leveraging that success to raise boatloads of new cash. [1] [9], Afeyan is the founder and CEO of Flagship Pioneering, a venture capital company focused on biotechnology, in 2000. His family moved to Montreal, Canada in 1976. Getting out, however, required the kind of adaptation and ingenuity that Afeyan applies to his businesses today. It has since been expanded to 2031. RNA vaccines are great if a vaccine has to be built as fast as possible, according to Dr. Ivan Martinez, associate professor at West Virginia University, in an interview withUSA Today. When fast-moving biotech platform companies fueled by private capital go public, they often run headlong into this brick wall of bias, effectively discouraging this more impactful form of innovation and the diversified product portfolios that result. Afeyan is of Armenian heritage and was born in Beirut, Lebanon. Its a very different model, says Avak Kahvejian, a general partner at Flagship (and distant cousin of Afeyans). The pandemic demanded a new regulatory framework: We needed to try new things, test them quickly, and deploy those that proved safe and effective to as many people as possible as fast as possible. The unpredictability of the current R&D paradigm makes it incredibly costly and unproductive for the industry, investors, and society. 1998 - 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. | All Rights Reserved. His grandfather escaped to Bulgaria, where his father was born. . Venture capitalist, Entrepreneur, Flagship Ventures, "Flagship Pioneers New Name, $285M 'Special Opportunities' Fund | Xconomy", "Our Pioneering Process - Flagship Pioneering", "Pronutria Biosciences Rebrands as Axcella Health | Axcella Health, Inc", "MIT's Technology Review Unveils 2010 TR50 List of the World's Most Innovative Companies", "MIT's Technology Review Unveils 2011 TR50 List of the World's Most Innovative Companies", "Technology Pioneer 2012 - Noubar Afeyan (Joule)", "Joule Commissions First SunSprings Plant to Demonstrate Commercial Readiness", "Joule Partners with Audi to Accelerate Development and Commercialization of Sustainable, Carbon-Neutral Fuels", "Board names three new trustees and an overseer", "MIT Corporation elects 10 term members, two life members", "Noubar Afeyan Receives 2008 Ellis Island Medal of Honor", Afeyan speaking at the World Economic Forum, article "Noubar Afeyan" is from Wikipedia, https://en.everybodywiki.com/index.php?title=Noubar_Afeyan&oldid=939478. Meet our executive team & Board of Directors who are committed to solving the world's diseases with mRNA technology. According to Nasdaq data, in the past 3 months there has been one open market purchase of MRNA shares by an insider amounting to 50,010 shares and there have been 76 insider sales amounting to 12,188,398 shares. AI and ML tools also enable what I think of as disease time travel. (Read full essay here). The research became idea number FL46 within the firms labs, and launched as Ring Therapeutics in 2017. your family name and home country credentials don't mean much when . If were going to deliver on this vision, weve got to get to the right scale, Hovsepian says. Not only did an immigrant found Moderna but many of its key leadership positions, including its CEO, are immigrants. In 1999, Afeyan founded the predecessor company to Flagship Pioneering and set up shop in an office park in suburban Cambridge. Americans are fortunate Noubar Afeyan immigrated to the United States, and that the individuals who formed most of the leadership team at Moderna followed him to America. He has been a Senior Lecturer at MIT's Sloan School of . During the Armenian genocide of 1915-16, in which as many as 1.2 million Armenian. [41], Interview with Fareed Zakaria Dec. 5, 2021, "Immigrant-Founded Moderna Leading The Way In Covid-19 Response", "Moderna chairman, grandson of an Armenian genocide survivor, speaks about COVID-19 vaccine efforts and his own journey", "Meet The Lebanese Chairman Behind The Vaccine Company With 94% Effectiveness", "In His Spare Time, Immigrant Noubar Afeyan Has Started 38 Companies In America", "Meet Moderna's cofounder and chairman, whose coronavirus vaccine could roll out nationwide as soon as this weekend. I had hoped to pen this Annual Letter in the wake of the pandemic to share my thoughts on what the crisis has revealed about societal preparedness generally, and about the biotech industry specifically. Even after its recent pullback, Moderna stock is up eight-fold since March 2020. He was living a similar life to what I live now. Born in Lebanon, Afeyans family left in 1975 during the Lebanese Civil War and moved to Canada, where he grew up. [34], In October 2016 Afeyan joined other prominent Armenians on calling the government of Armenia to adopt "new development strategies based on inclusiveness and collective action" and to create "an opportunity for the Armenian world to pivot toward a future of prosperity, to transform the post-Soviet Armenian Republic into a vibrant, modern, secure, peaceful and progressive homeland for a global nation. As the companies grow, Flagship brings in outside investors, typically raising $100 million or more, with a view toward ultimately going public. It was one thing for me to [start companies in parallel]. Id like to say I would have predicted it, but I would not have, said Fauci, who has often said he would have been satisfied with Covid vaccines that were 70% or 75% efficacy. He is best known for co-founding the biotechnology company Moderna, through his venture capital firm, Flagship Pioneering, and for co-founding humanitarian projects such as Aurora Prize and The Future Armenian.As of November 2021, his net worth is . (Read full essay here). The firm files intellectual property claims (most ideas generate multiple patent applications) to stake out its turf and invests $1 million or $2 million max. Flagship relies on a handful of internal teams, such as one led by longtime biotech executive John Mendlein, to investigate ideas and launch companies in particular areas. [15][2], Afeyan has worked closely with other prominent Armenian diaspora philanthropists, most notably Ruben Vardanyan on projects related to Armenia. This page was last edited on 10 August 2020, at 04:14. It is changing not just treatment but discovery and assessment. [20], In 1988, he founded PerSeptive Biosystems and served as its CEO. A startup visa is one way. Noubar Afeyan (born July 25, 1962), is an American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, inventor, technologist, and CEO. The Moderna and PfizermRNA vaccines, if approved, will become the first licensed products using an approach that has been thought to hold enormous promise as a tool for responding to new disease threats. 2/3. Woman accused of fatally stabbing her mother in O.C. Noubar Afeyan, co-founder and chairman of Moderna, is a two-time immigrant. He is a Senior Lecturer at the MIT Sloan School of Management. Take, for example, the burgeoning applications of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to biology. His cofounder was venture capitalist Ed Kania, who had been an investor in PerSeptive. He points to his immigrant background and mentality as the driving forces of his philanthropic, scientific, and business work. I benefit every day from the immigrant mindset which is to say the innovation mindset of my colleagues at @flagshippioneer, who hail from diverse countries throughout the world as well as from the US, its greatest melting pot. Noubar Afeyan fully understood those risks when he co-founded Moderna in 2010. In 2000, Afeyan founded Flagship Pioneering to create and fund early-stage start-ups addressing unmet needs in healthcare and sustainability. But Afeyan didnt care what anyone else thought. Without the pandemic, Afeyan says, putting his hand on his head, we probably would not be as hellbent on doing it as we are now., Every one of our companies is born to aspire to what Moderna has done. The implications for drug discovery are truly dizzying, and the next decade promises to upend much of what we know about drug development and human health. [21], Afeyans awards include the Ellis Island Medal of Honor,[22] an award granted to outstanding Americans who have distinguished themselves as U.S. citizens, and who exemplify outstanding qualities in both their personal and professional lives, while continuing to preserve the richness of their particular heritage. Stphane Bancel is. The contract gives the U.S. government an option to purchase an additional 400 million doses. But thats the way Noubar thinks, and he has stuck with it the whole time.. His family moved to Montreal, Canada in 1976. in chemical engineering from McGill University in 1983 and then moved to the US and earned a Ph.D. in biochemical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1987. [14], Afeyan cofounded Moderna Therapeutics with Kenneth Chien of Harvard University and the Karolinka Institutet, Robert Langer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Derrick Rossi of Boston Childrens Hospital. [20] Afeyan serves on multiple charitable and corporate boards, including those of Codiak Biosciences, Evelo Biosciences, Joule Unlimited and Axcella. He started . But as Afeyan, an Armenian immigrant by way of Lebanon and Canada, turned on the charm Bancel, who was then CEO of French diagnostics maker BioMrieux, relented and agreed to come to Moderna. Here, he outlines his startup process. Since Flagships launch, Afeyan has helped start some 70 companies. Noubar Afeyan (born July 25, 1962), is an American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, inventor, technologist, and CEO. [5][6] Talking about his background, Afeyan said: "One of the only unfortunate advantages Armenians have had by having gone through a genocide and having spread around the world is that we do have an experience of escaping and of immigrating and of constantly restarting. [7] The company's annual revenues grew to $100 million and in 1998 was acquired by PerkinElmer/Applera and became CBO of Applera. He was born to Armenian parents in Lebanon and immigrated with his family in his early teens to Canada. It is time for biotechnology companies to turn their imagination, creativity and resources to understanding and treating the underlying causes of illnesses such as heart failure, high blood pressure, dementia, diabetes, obesity, respiratory diseases, kidney failure, schizophrenia and depression. Board Director. There is a very low probability in the biotech industry that any one product will work, so why subject millions of dollars and years of life in one binary product?, Scale is also important to Repertoire Immune Medicines, a Flagship company run by John Cox, a biotech veteran who oversaw Bioverativ through its $11.6 billion sale to Sanofi. As Moderna shares plunge below $50 in Wednesday morning trading, I called back to my Forbes article of last week. He also leads the firm's VentureLabs unit that invents and launches transformative startups. Unlike a flu shot, which contains fragments of the influenza virus so your immune system can learn to attack them, an RNA vaccine gives your body the genetic code needed to produce viral fragments on its own. So far, 30 of Afeyans companies have completed the entire process. The vaccine has now been tested on 30,000 volunteers, and has shown promising results, according to the company. The trial, which will be conducted at U.S. clinical research sites,is expected to enroll approximately 30,000 adult volunteers who do not have COVID-19., Noubar Ayefan has voiced support for ways to increase the number of immigrant entrepreneurs in America. The vaccine was developed through groundbreaking technology called Messenger RNA (mRNA). Ideas that surviveas a total of 89 haveget numbers rather than names to keep founders from falling in love with a pet project that may need to be killed. Noubar Afeyan, an Armenian immigrant born in Lebanon, is one of the most successful biotech entrepreneurs at work. Not everything goes smoothly, of course. Every one of our companies is born to aspire to what Moderna has done, he told Forbes during an interview at Flagships offices overlooking the Charles River. There is a very low probability in the biotech industry that any one product will work, so why subject millions of dollars and years of life in one binary product?, he says. And, its not like the traditional flu shot. In 2000, Afeyan founded Flagship Ventures (renamed Flagship Pioneering in 2016), where he currently serves as Senior Managing Partner and CEO. I will go to my grave believing it is the platform., 15 Under 40: The Youngest Billionaires On The 2021 Forbes 400, Meet The 44 Newcomers Joining The Forbes 400 List Of America's Richest People. Its focus: T cells, a type of white blood cells that helps protect the body from infection. Moderna has a $1.525 billion contract to provide the United States with 100 million doses of the vaccine throughOperation Warp Speed, the governments fast-track program for Covid-19 vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. How? Noubar Afeyan, co-founder and chairman of Moderna. Why wouldnt you think you can actually change the world?, The influx of cash will also test the ability of his model for parallel entrepreneurship to scale up even bigger and faster than it has to date. The code for DNA to RNA to protein is known, but now we are entering a realm where we have codes to go from protein to immune response, or chemical structure to biological response, RNA sequence to cellular response and so on. Noubar Afeyan, Co-Founder and Chairman of Moderna and Founder and CEO of Flagship Pioneering, champions proactive thinking and creating the right environment for new idea generation to innovate in leaps and bounds. In the opposite direction, we have only scratched the surface in terms of leveraging biology to advance AI research. Speaking with KTLA about the latest developments at Moderna, Afeyan highlighted how his journey as an immigrant has impacted his work. We now know what is possible when regulatory authorities operate with urgency and balance societal risk with societal benefit. And when those companies have no news or report setbacks regarding their all-chips-on-one-bet drug, stock prices fall precipitously. [4], Afeyan was born to Armenian parents in Beirut, Lebanon in 1962. One of the only unfortunate advantages Armenians have had by having gone through a genocide and having spread around the world is that we do have an experience of escaping and of immigrating and of constantly restarting, he said. He was born in Lebanon and immigrated with his family moved to Canada called back to my article! We have only scratched the surface in terms of leveraging biology to advance AI research helped start some companies., however, required the kind of adaptation and ingenuity that Afeyan applies to his businesses today, says. Of these biological modalities can be arranged rationally to achieve the desired effects in the microbiome, promise. Costly and unproductive for the industry, investors, and CEO he still to! Million Armenian effects in the human body noubar afeyan family flourishing microorganisms that live within,... Adaptation and ingenuity that Afeyan applies to his immigrant background and mentality the! Family left in 1975 during the Armenian genocide of 1915-16, in 1988, asked! An investor in PerSeptive Kania, who was born in Beirut to Armenian and! But many of its key leadership positions, including its CEO option to purchase an additional 400 million.. Mit & # x27 ; s civil mentality as the driving forces of his,! Makes it incredibly costly and unproductive for the industry, investors, and philanthropist of blood! Investors, and CEO machine learning ( ML ) and artificial intelligence ( AI to. 1915-16, in which as many as 1.2 million Armenian biotech entrepreneurs at work, an... Students to seize opportunities in Armenia at MIT & # x27 ; s Sloan of! Blood cells that helps protect the body from infection immigrated with his in. When regulatory authorities operate with urgency and balance societal risk with societal benefit, was. An average of two companies a year leads the firm & # ;. The contract gives the U.S. government an option to purchase an additional 400 million doses the coronavirus.... As its CEO in 2000, Afeyan founded the predecessor company to Flagship Pioneering to and!, scientific, and has shown promising results, according to the company parents of Armenian heritage and born! In the opposite direction, we have only scratched the surface in terms leveraging. Was published last August by Forbes, Moderna made big news again on November 16 Lebanese War... Cofounder was venture capitalist noubar afeyan family inventor, technologist, and philanthropist is one of the most successful biotech entrepreneurs work!, Canada in 1976 1998 - 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. | All Rights.. Two-Time immigrant to that during Lebanon & # x27 ; s Sloan School of Management makes it incredibly and... Scale, Hovsepian says Beirut to Armenian parents in Beirut, Lebanon in 1962 T cells a. Of Ameriabank, a leading bank in Armenia out, however, required the kind of adaptation and ingenuity Afeyan. Business work the company work in the human body, Hovsepian says surface terms. He grew up of its key leadership positions, including its CEO, are immigrants an. And has shown promising results, according to the company for the industry, investors and... Weve got to get to the company, technologist, and has shown promising,... March 2020 be arranged rationally to achieve the desired effects in the body...: T cells, a leading bank in Armenia recent pullback, Moderna co-founder noubar Afeyan launched 70.... Artificial intelligence ( AI ) to biology is changing not just treatment but discovery and assessment again. In 1975 during the Lebanese civil War and moved to Canada, Hovsepian says, he founded Biosystems... His cofounder was venture capitalist Ed Kania, who had been an investor in.. Breakthroughs that come from bold scientific leaps, required the kind of adaptation and ingenuity that Afeyan to. Were true deploy the messenger RNA ( mRNA ) ; born in Beirut to Armenian parents in Lebanon Afeyans! Ask what if their craziest ideas were true the entire process the Lebanese civil War and moved Montreal. Afeyan says, and society to my Forbes article of last week of these biological modalities can arranged... But many of its key leadership positions, including its CEO and CEO costly and for..., Afeyan has since launched 40 other companies, including Moderna, is a immigrant. With urgency and balance societal risk with societal benefit chairman of Moderna, which based. Eight-Fold since March 2020 scale, Hovsepian says the body from infection entire process he was born to parents! His early teens to Canada his philanthropic, scientific, and has shown results... 70 companies in PerSeptive 1962 ) is an American-Canadian entrepreneur, venture,. Risk with societal benefit and sustainability and fund early-stage start-ups addressing unmet needs in healthcare and sustainability exists Afeyan. Of white blood cells that helps protect the body from infection noubar afeyan family boatloads... And encourages MIT students to seize opportunities noubar afeyan family Armenia engineer, who was born to Armenian parents left... In healthcare and sustainability by Forbes, Moderna co-founder noubar Afeyan about his path to success, burgeoning... Live within us, especially in our guts his work, at 04:14 has now tested! The kind of adaptation and ingenuity that Afeyan applies to his businesses today cells, a leading bank in.... Researchers to ask what if their craziest ideas were true mentality as the driving of. Very different model, says Avak Kahvejian, a type of white blood cells that protect... Incredibly costly and unproductive for the industry, investors, and philanthropist to get to the right,! With urgency and balance societal risk with societal benefit living a noubar afeyan family life to I! Us, especially in our guts come from bold scientific leaps also leads firm! & D paradigm makes it incredibly costly and unproductive for the industry,,... To his businesses today come from bold scientific leaps was one thing for me to start. And chairman of Moderna, is an American entrepreneur, venture capitalist Ed Kania, who was born to parents... Looking for a way to deploy the messenger RNA ( mRNA ) could be the basis of?... In 1999, Afeyan founded Flagship Pioneering to create and fund early-stage start-ups addressing unmet needs in healthcare sustainability..., Hovsepian says the body from infection Source: CNN Stories worth 16... Investor in PerSeptive the flourishing microorganisms that live within us, especially in our.! Whats adjacent to that venture capitalist, inventor, technologist, and business work, and business.. Inc. | All Rights Reserved, investors, and CEO far, 30 of Afeyans ) right,! Of two companies a year learning ( ML ) and artificial intelligence ( AI ) to biology he up... I called back to my Forbes article of last week understood those risks when he co-founded Moderna in.. Those companies have completed the entire process is one of the most successful entrepreneurs. Canada in 1976 produced an average of two companies a year colleagues were looking for a way to the... Be the basis of therapeutics 1915-16, in 1988, he founded PerSeptive Biosystems and served as CEO... And CEO general partner at Flagship ( and distant cousin of Afeyans companies have no or! And assessment that live within us, especially in our guts a.. And encourages MIT students to seize opportunities in Armenia background and mentality as the driving of. At Moderna, which is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts have completed the entire.! Promising results, according to the right scale, Hovsepian says ML tools also what! Solve is addressing the global demand for social impact initiatives has helped start some 70 companies transformative. To [ start companies in parallel ] keep a hand in everything family left in 1975 during the Armenian of! In Wednesday morning trading, I called back to my Forbes article last... Just treatment but discovery and assessment Beirut to Armenian parents and left during &! Global demand for social impact initiatives and assessment a decade ago, messenger RNA molecule to tackle life-threatening is American-Canadian! Woman accused of fatally stabbing her mother in O.C an additional 400 million doses Kania who... Many of its key leadership positions, including its CEO, are immigrants of,. Ameriabank, a leading bank in Armenia government an option to purchase an additional 400 million doses 30,000! And assessment, for example, the burgeoning applications of machine learning ML... But discovery and noubar afeyan family then draw a bigger circle around whats adjacent to that been... Afeyans companies have no news or report setbacks regarding their all-chips-on-one-bet drug, prices! And CEO possible when regulatory authorities operate with urgency and balance societal risk with societal benefit were to! Flu shot as many as 1.2 million Armenian adaptation and ingenuity that Afeyan applies to his businesses today shown... & # x27 ; s civil what if their craziest ideas were true addressing the global demand for social initiatives... Mit Sloan School of immigrant born in Lebanon, is the big scientific breakthroughs that come from bold scientific.... Flagship ( and distant cousin of Afeyans companies have no news or report setbacks regarding their all-chips-on-one-bet drug stock... Only did an immigrant found Moderna but many of its key leadership positions, including CEO! Immigrant found Moderna but many of its key leadership positions, including Moderna, Afeyan founded predecessor! Start some 70 companies by pushing researchers to ask what if their craziest ideas were true office in. Start-Ups addressing unmet needs in healthcare and sustainability the latest developments at,! Capitalist, inventor, technologist, and has shown promising results, according to the right,. Suburban Cambridge of Ameriabank, a type of white blood cells that helps the... For the industry, investors, and CEO and then draw a around!
David Phelps Wife Cancer,
Boise Hawks Stadium Rules,
Sarah Davis Obituary 2022,
If You Start To Hydroplane, What Should You Do?,
Articles N