In fact, it does frequently occur when movements are expressed as high frequency potentials. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. However, reflex penile erection is facilitated after spinal transection whereas mesencephalic transections significantly increase the latency to its reflex induction, without affecting the percentage of tests eliciting an erectile event. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1989;86:8737-41. De Sanctis, in 1899, in his book I Sogni, Studi Clinici ed Psicologici di un Alienista (Dreams, Clinical and Psychological Studies of a Psychiatrist), cites no less than 323 articles and books dealing with dreams, which proves that the objective study of dreams did not start during the middle of the 20th century, as is usually taken for granted (4). 107. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. Brain 1997;120:1173-97. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:793-842. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. Salivary, gastric, enteric, pancreatic and billiary secretion and contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal viscera are specific vegetative components of feeding behavior, as well as secretion of luteotropic hormone, increase in cavernous blood pressure and vaginal blood flow and several other endocrine adjustments are part and characteristic of sexual behavior. It would appear that the intense activation of desynchronized sleep must overcome this demodulation and persist into subsequent waking, in order for very vivid dreams to be remembered. to the nervous tissue and muscles during the activation of the circuits that program and execute a particular behavior; and 2. During a visual dream the eyes move (Figure 3) whereas during an auditory dream the middle ear ossicles (stapedius and tensor tympani) are activated (Figure 4). 49. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. Often eye movements are preceded in the electroencephalogram by small sawthoot-waves that superimpose on desynchronized potentials (figure 3). In humans a dream may be reported and its content can thus be analyzed. In humans, equivalent potentials can be recorded from the occipital cortex. Modifications of recurrent discharge of the alpha motoneurons during sleep. 121. This organ receives information from the entire body, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi (80). In blind people, whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their high auditory sensibility. 67. 78. Therefore, alpha-coeruleus nucleus is mobilized by the mechanisms that generate desynchronized sleep and exerts its inhibitory action through the reticulospinal pathways, as well as through pathways that go to the brain stem motor nuclei. Spreng LF, Johnson LC, Lubin A. Autonomic correlates of eye movement bursts during state REM sleep. Weed & Halam listed in 1896 (4,7) the proportion of several kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Bol Inst Est Md Biol Mxico 1962;20:155-64. 43. Therefore, any neural event, be it running or just thinking, or dreaming, requires a large amount of oxygen, which is carried to the nervous system by the blood through powerful hemodynamic adjustments, such as increase in blood pressure, heart rate and central blood flow (21,25,26). It decreases, apparently exponentially as a function of age, from 60% at 4 to 30% at 7-8 and to 10% at 18 years of age (112). MeSH A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. Mol Brain Res 1996;38:77-84. The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. 8. However, considering the high prevalence of dreams during this phase it should be more appropriately named oniric phase of sleep. Fortunately, thanks to this peculiar incomplete motoneuron inhibition we are able to record movements occurring in both humans and non-human animals and thus infer the presence of dreams. Schmidek WR, Hoshino K, Schmidek M, Timo-Iaria C. Influence of environmental temperature on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. 56. The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming. It is well known that during desynchronized sleep the pupil undergoes an increase in diameter (midriasis), which is not produced by direct sympathetic activation but rather to parasympathetic inactivation, that overcomes the tonic pupillary constrictor activity of the parasympathetic system during synchronized sleep. Therefore, theta waves undergo both AM and FM changes that certainly carry some kind of information that may prove in the future to be crucial for understanding dreams. Steriade M, McCarley RW. Generally, in humans oniric activity is expressed as eye movements, what is obviously linked to vision as the main human sensory channel. Sleep patterns during rearing under different environmental conditions in juveline rats. As stated above, any behavior is expressed as a combination of motor components and vegetative components. Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman MB, Kupfer DJ, Moore Ry. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. Arch Ital Biol 1962;100:216-22. Science 1953;118:273-4. Unfortunately, despite the opinion of great scientists of the past, most researchers that deal with sleep and dreaming, probably moved by philosophical, religious prejudice and a faulty reasoning, do not accept the idea that non-human animals do dream. 113. Although it has not been shown that the alpha-coeruleus nuclei are lesioned in these patients, it is tempting to consider that their lesion underlies such sleep disturbance. It is not known why and how the potent inhibition of motoneurons is bypassed by the descending impulses that cause such movements but this is, possibly, a key phenomenon for the understanding of the mechanisms and the function of dreams. J Physiol (Paris) 1984;79:365-74. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. Rados R, Cartwright RD. Jouvet and colleagues (1959) soon identified the same phase in cats, naming it paradoxical sleep, inasmuch as the electrophysiological main pattern of this phase in humans resembles that of attentive wakefulness (15). For example, the Muslim physician Ib Sinna, known in Spain as Avicena, considered dreams more or less according to Aristotle's opinion but could not resist to accepting their premonitory character. 124. Berlucchi G. Mechanismen von Schlafen und Wachen. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. Noda H, Adey WR. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. WebOne hypothesis drawn from TST is that real threatening events encountered by the individual during wakefulness should lead to an increased activation of the system, a threat simulation response, and therefore, to an increased frequency and severity of threatening events in dreams. Considering that most dreams in rats (31,32) are related to olfaction, not to vision, potentials that resemble PGOs in the amygdala of this animal species should also be taken as signs of dreaming rather than PGOs. The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. On the functional role of consciousness. 96. A regular oscillation modulates the amplitude of the potentials. Consequently, Foulkes concludes that they do not dream but this conclusion is probably incorrect, inasmuch as at this age children have a highly limited narrating capacity and their poor reports about dreams are certainly linked to such a limitation, not their absence. Stern W, Forbes WN, Morgane PJ. 79. 75. Dreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). In people with arterial aneurisms such a high pressure may provoke their rupture. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Phasic events indicating presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents to the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. WebThe psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its explanation for the function of dreams, has received much criticism from the psychological field. Interestingly, bilateral ablation of the frontal lobes in cats leads to deep changes of the PGO potentials in the VI cranial nerves and in the mobilization of the lateral rectus muscles during desynchronized sleep (71). (1991) and Lovblad et al. (57). Buchsbaum MS, Gillin JC, Wu J, Hazlett E, Sicotte N, Dupont RM, Bunney WE. In the sixties, Evarts (1964) had also recorded from monkeys high frequency bursts of impulses in the pyramidal tract axons, which may be related to activation of muscles intervening in oniric behaviors expressed as movements (82). 109. Wilson MA, McNaughton BL. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. eCollection 2019. We propose that the function of dream sleep (more properly rapid-eye movement or REM sleep) is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in Carcione A, Santonastaso M, Sferruzza F, Riccardi I. Res Psychother. However, during desynchronized sleep it was drastically reduced, being entirely inhibited for most of the time. 41. (36,37) have recorded contraction of the tympanic muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) during human sleep. The vegetative components, that are phasic increases of heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, pupillary diameter, and most probably metabolic adjustments as well, are expressed more consistently during a dream, as they are during attentive wakefulness. 123. Metabolism during desynchronized sleep tends, in fact, to be equal to or even larger than that of waking (131,132). Kluger J. 17. Mori D, Shik ML, yagodnitsyn AS. For example, it could refer to a goal that you want to reach within your lifetime or zoning out and daydreaming during the day. Important dream theories are Freud's interpretation of dreams, The discovery of the close association between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and dreaming and development of sleep laboratory techniques ushered in a new era in the study of dreams. Brain Res 1967;6:706-15. These authors argue that despite the marked suppression of desynchronized sleep provoked by tricyclic antidepressants neither selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors and mono-amino-oxydase nor learning and memory are disrupted. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. Mb, Kupfer DJ, Moore Ry can be ascribed to the nervous and... Convincing function can be recorded from the occipital cortex the function of dreams during this phase it should more... On desynchronized potentials ( figure 3 ) any behavior is expressed as a combination of motor and... 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