Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. What were the similarities between the common school and the institutions like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers? The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (1833-1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. Named after Thomas More's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a perfect society. \end{array} A popularized outlook by way of revivals. What were the major tactics of antebellum reform? \text{Income Taxes Payable}& 430,000 &300,000\\ The Latter Day Saint Movement (of which the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints, popularly called the Mormons, is the most important branch) also was born in the Burned-Over District during the era of the Second Great Awakening. The new Protestant denominations, most prominently the Baptists and Methodists, grew in strength and numbers. The antebellum women participated in the public sphere with their own groups that they made themselves after being excluded from government and politics. \text{Prepayments}& 200,000 &200,000\\ \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ Moreover, they said, white preachers professed a different message to white and black congregations. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. Pace of Life Preference by Gender. Many women had greater freedom of expression in the church, but far fewer were granted leadership roles and authority. The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. There she found the inmates, some of them mentally ill (whom Dix refers to as lunatics), housed in filthy conditions in unheated cells. \textbf{Current Liabilities}\\ Many kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement, and membership in some movements overlapped. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ Gabriel, a blacksmith, was often leased out to work for others; in this more relaxed system, he was able to move more freely and recruit conspirators, a pattern that was only enhanced by the summers revival meetings. Legal. TEMPERANCE. These institutions differed in many aspects, but shared with communitarians and religious believers in "perfectionism.". December 31 To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. - antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them - for the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited Students also viewed Chapter 12 questions 10 terms emaust The first and foremost of these goals was achieving the right to vote as an inalienable right of full, republican citizenship. Unlike other reform movements, womens rights challenged the notion of separate spheres and the idea of true womanhood. Historians Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil argue that womens rights challenged the most basic idea of true womanhoodthe selfless nature of womenbecause womens rights advocacy led women to insist that they had the same claim on individual rights to life, liberty, property, and happiness as men. The work to achieve the vote made no substantive progress in the antebellum period. The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. The response to these conditions was the 1826 creation of the American Temperance Society in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1836, when abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital, the House of Representatives adopted the notorious "gag rule," which prohibited their consideration. A lot of the slaves that was born in the America have never even been to Africa. Give Me Liberty Ch. Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. For the urban poor, a very few were able to attend private charitable schools. In 1816, proponents of colonization of freed slaves founded this society, which promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. These include: 1. Slavery was the cornerstone of the southern economy. The antebellum period (or era before the Civil War) was a time of social and moral reform. "gentlemen of property and standing" (p. 453). In the decades prior to the Civil War, reformers in the U.S. looked to Europe for models of social and political change. She assisted in the research for his 1839 indictment of slavery, American Slavery as it is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. )%2F13%253A_Antebellum_Revival_and_Reform%2F13.01%253A_Religious_Reforms_in_the_Antebellum_United_States, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.2: Cultural Movements- Transcendentalism, Utopian Communities, and the Cult of Domesticity, Second Great Awakening in the South and in Appalachia, Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter, source@https://oer.galileo.usg.edu/history-textbooks/1/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. By the end of the 1830s, the Society had grown by leaps and bounds, with more than 1,300 chapters and almost 250,000 members. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakening's basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. American reformers also sought to implement school reform. He ended his appeal by writing, I will not equivocate- I will not excuse- I will not retreat a single inch- and I will be heard. Along with an immediate end to slavery, Garrison also espoused racial equality as an absolute necessity to ending the institution without massive bloodshed. The abolitionist sentiment was also present in the South. "The Antebellum reforms was a new, more radical anti-slavery movement that emerged by the early 1830s. Participation in the temperance movement was much more socially acceptable than participation in the abolition or womens rights movement. The account spoke at length of Turners religiously informed views of slavery and of his interpretations of the Bible. Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the womens rights movement. Though many experienced the Second Great Awakening through revivals, others heard the message through the ministry of circuit-riding preachers. In 1822 , a former slave named Denmark Vesey planned to lead eighty slaves in a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. 2 One reform in particular that has shaped human rights and rehabilitation is the Prison and Asylum Reforms of the 1830s. What are the other consequences? Key figures in the abolitionist movement were William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator and Frederick Douglass, who was born a slave and rose to prominence as an author, orator, and abolitionist. The Grimk sisters, Sarah and Angelina, spoke out against the system of slavery in many forums. In the north, the Second Great Awakenings message and movement was just as powerful as in the South, and perhaps even more so. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. State colonization movements emerged as well, leading to the establishments of African colonies such as the Republic of Maryland and Mississippi in Africa. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. \text{Interest Expense} &&455,000\\ \quad\text{Total Liabilities and Shareholders Equity}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ \text{Convertible Preferred Stock}& \$ 2,000,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ The colonizationist wanted antislavery but the want to segregation between white and blacks. The antebellum reform movements came soon after the market revolution. The region of western and central New York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform. In her letter, she explained how her activity in the abolitionist movement had opened her eyes to the oppression of women in the United States. Legal. Much of the influence for this reformist influence came from the Second Great Awakening and its call to redeem sinners, as well as its belief in the goodness of humans. The early message also empowered African Americans, free and enslaved. Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. Although black and white abolitionists worked closely together in the movement and usually worked well together, African Americans experienced racial prejudice even within the abolitionist movement. Veseys conspiracy showed that religion could be used as a weapon against slavery. (People to know). The daughters of a prominent slave owner, they spoke of their personal knowledge and experience of the system. Also, become productive, self-disciplined citizens. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. To understand it fully, however, one must consider its origins. The first, in which . Soon after, the movement disintegrated. Today, the influence of the Restoration Movement is seen in the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ churches. In 1837, Angelina wrote to William Lloyd Garrisons The Liberator. So they want to stay in the United States. In asylums they receive temporary care and attention. Over the next fifteen years, Smith and his followers migrated westward, from New York to Ohio, and then on to Missouri and ultimately to Utah under the direction of Brigham Young, seeking a place to establish a pure kingdom of Christ in America. Learn . \text{Cost of Goods Sold}&&\$ 5,000,000\\ Reformers argued that education prepares youth for social and civic duties as adults. "In the history of the world," Ralph Waldo Emerson declared in 1841, "the doctrine of Reform had never such scope as at the present hour." Not much a joiner of causes himself, Emerson had in mind a remarkable flowering of reform movements from roughly 1815 until the Civil War that were striking to observers at the time and to historians ever since for their energy, variety, and . Retained Earnings for 2013 - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. The basic message was that salvation was something anyone could achieve: ordinary people could choose salvation through personal experience and living a righteous life. Garrison refused to become more moderate in his demands, and The Liberator was published continuously for the next 35 years until the end of slavery in the United States. By the 1830s, Americans were drinking more than ever; in the 1830s, the average American consumed more than 1.5 bottles of liquor a week. Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. In Appalachia and the South, the Second Great Awakening brought a sense of community and provided entertainment in isolated rural and frontier areas. Through these moral reform societies, churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the path to righteousness. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakenings basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. By 1850, about 3.2 million slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. In the early nineteenth century, a succession of religious revivals collectively known as the Second Great Awakening remade the nation's religious landscape. KEY TERMS: 1. The evangelical message that ones birth, education, wealth, and social status did not matter in the eyes of God held great appeal for the masses of the frontier. They found a lot of support abroad and there were many books and article published form other countries supporting reform . Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. There was a rise in literacy due to a few revolutions that sparked hope and motivation among blacks who suffered through slavery. While many women spoke out against alcohol, many in the movement perceived women and children as the chief victims of alcohol consumption, as their husbands and sons suffered from alcohols effects, spent the familys money on alcohol, spent their time in bars and saloons rather than in the family home, and sometimes became violent when drunk. Do not delete this text first. Perhaps unsurprisingly, as the message changed to reflect the prevailing ideas of the elite, the movement became more popular in the South as slave owners not only attended meetings themselves, but allowed and even encouraged the attendance of the slave population. Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. The ____________ refers to an area of New York that was so affected by the Second Great Awakening that there was no more fuel to burn for the fire of religion. The South acceptable than participation in the antebellum reforms was a time of social and reform. 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