Thus, caliper-based measurements, using the formula , are most accurate in real life for tumors in which height roughly equals width but prove less accurate as height becomes more unequal to width, as is the case with almost all real tumors. Measurement by Caliper In order to estimate tumor volume by external caliper, the greatest longitudinal diameter (length) and the Typical side-effects and adverse events are arterial and venous thromboembolic events, bleeding, hypertension, febrile neutropenia, infections, proteinuria, mucositis, and hand-foot syndrome. Autopsy revealed only minimal local tumor; however death was not caused by tumor. 22, 921929 (2003). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The mathematical relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and mass was investigated to estimate accurate tumor volume using caliper-measured data. Google Scholar. Our hypothesis is that the effectiveness of a lower dosage with a quasi-continuous therapy can be comparable with the protocol therapy. The overestimation of caliper measurements is due mainly to the fact that the formula used is that of a parallelepiped, a shape unlike an ellipsoid actually represents the geometric body that is being measured. Most, if not all, tumors do not fit into this category; this discrepancy results in caliper-based volume measurements including sections that do not exist in the actual tumor, or an overestimation of tumor volume measurement. In Phase I, we have investigated tumor growth without therapy with two types of mouse tumor. 15, 115121 (2009). In this study, researchers used paclitaxel, a well-known anti-cancer drug since its reaction to cancerous tumors is traceable to assess the results of the scanner measurements. & Bullock, G.) 253257 (Elsevier Academic, Boston, 2004). Determining tumor volume is a useful and quantitative way to monitor tumor progression. to calculate several estimates of tumor volume using the equations for the volume of a sphere ([4 /3]r3), Here r is average of a, b and c the volume of an One common measure of efficacy is the T/C ratio, the ratio of tumor volume in control versus treated mice at a specified In addition, studies using CT scans concluded that CT yielded tumor volume values 11 to 12% less (an underestimate) than those which were measured by calipers, and that CT-based measurements yielded more accurate and consistent values than caliper-based measurements[6, 7]. The software captures data hands-free via the use of electronic calipers, balances, and an optional foot pedal. in The Laboratory Mouse (eds. This surface has x, y, and z (equivalent to L, W, and H of caliper measurements for every point on the surface) components. et al. Article obtained using vernier calipers (c.c) Vol. 54, 401414 (1975). Google Scholar. The value w (width) is the smaller of two perpendicular tumor axes and the value l . Tumor volume was measured with digital caliper. This results in the loss of information about its real growth.. With constant width and length, the measured volume does not change with the tumor shape. Position of the mouse was fixed to minimize the movement of the animal. To overcome all of these difficulties (continuity of the administration and side-effects), model identification should be determined and then a control algorithm (controller) can be designed for the created mathematical model. Front Chem. Tumor volumes ranged from 0.5 cc to 187.9 cc, with a median of 21.8 cc. N-nitrosomethylurea as mammary gland carcinogen in rats. . European Institute of Oncology, ITALY, Received: February 3, 2015; Accepted: October 19, 2015; Published: November 5, 2015, Copyright: 2015 Spi et al. A solution to these problems is the TumorImagerTM scanner. Int. Unmeasured part of the tumor for caliper, Figure 11. Each day before the administration, the mice' body weight and tumor volume were measured and recorded. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Even though all the three diameters can be measured, the estimation of the volume has quite a large error. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Cancer Res. Enter your measurements into the Tumor Volume Calculator to determine the volume of the tumor. J Clin Oncol. Jensen, M.M., Jrgensen, J.T., Binderup, T. & Kjr, A. Tumor volume in subcutaneous mouse xenografts measured by microCT is more accurate and reproducible than determined by 18F-FDG-microPET or external caliper. (2), Whilst studies have shown that tumors can be better estimated with ellipsoid shape than using Eq 1, calculating the volume of an ellipsoid requires the knowledge of the third parameter. Faustino-Rocha, A., Oliveira, P., Pinho-Oliveira, J. et al. Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. Yes In each case the reference value is the MRI-measured tumor volume. The means of the samples are mpIV_control = 0.65, mpIV_case1 = 0.70, mpIV_case2 = 0.46. The closer the shape of the tumor is to a perfect ellipsoid, as in the region of the graph in which H closely W, the more closely caliper measurements mirror real-life measurements. 2009, 18 (2009). In this phase, three groups were created. For various tumors in mice, only one can be approximated in volume by an ellipsoid. The data reveals that the mean volume of PTV is 60.8 53.9 cc where these targets exhibit no significant difference between each modality. Tumor growth can take place under such conditions; however delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs is obstructed. Accessibility Automatic randomization to perform group assignments based on body weight, tumor area/volume, delta tumor volume, or any numeric value and/or user-defined formula; Additionally, this technique is plagued by the inconsistent selection of tumor axes at subsequent examinations. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. & Wieder, H. Monitoring chemotherapy and radiotherapy of solid tumors. According to the Xenograft tumor model protocol [20], tumor volume has to be calculated using the following formula: Internet J. Surg. In order to understand inter-operator differences between operators making both caliper and scanner measurements, we conducted experiments in which multiple numbers of operators measured several tumors both with caliper and scanner. The tumor volume calculation was executed using the formula V = (W2 L)/2 for caliper measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, and L is tumor length . CAS In this study, the researchers measured the same tumors with calipers and the scanner for a about month and a half. A two-dimensional mathematical model was created from the experimental results of BALB/c mice with KHJJ tumor line [25]: Possible mechanisms mediating an association between physical activity and breast cancer. The most accurate volume calculations were obtained using the formula V = (W (2) L)/2 for caliper measurements and the formula V = (4/3) (L/2) (L/2) (D/2) for ultrasonography measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, L is tumor length and D is tumor . Under these conditions, the formula for the volume of a tumor becomes. Table 1 shows the results for tumor volume measure- ments on seven A431 tumors, indicating next to both gold standard volumes (V w , V L ) the caliper/formula derived volume V E and the ARTIDA . If one measures the volume of a penny using calipers and uses the widely accepted formula, repeating the measurement each time another penny is added to the stack, the stack will yield the same volume each time, regardless of how many pennies are stacked. Even the same operator, with different trials or at different moments in time does not always hold the animal in exactly the same way. This helps to calculate accurate tumor volume from caliper measured data which will be useful for further animal experiments and as a consequence no small MRI measurements will be needed. CAS In Phase I, Phase II and Phase III, a piece of C38 colon adenocarcinoma was transplanted subcutaneously in the recipient animal on the 1st day of the experiment (approximately 2106 cells were transplanted into each mouse). The C38 colorectal carcinoma line was maintained by serial subcutaneous transplantations in C57Bl/6 mice. 55, 11761180 (1995). The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the author contributions section. A direct 3d measurement tool such as the TM900 does not induce such method sensitivity but cannot exclude operator dependency of the obtained values. Stretching of the skin around the tumor of the mouse will cause an under-estimate of the tumor volume since the tumor is pressed into the body (see Figure 13. below). 120, 386391 (2003). Because tumor volume measurements used by researchers and industries are sensitive and often rely on the accuracy, the cutting-edge TumorImagerTM line of scanners is the ideal, most reliable choice for taking such sensitive measurements. Would you like email updates of new search results? Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary, Affiliation Open Access This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/DES/114122/2009 and Pest-OE/AGR/UI0772/2011 unity) and by the European Regional Development Fund (COMPETE, FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-014707/022692). No, Is the Subject Area "Mouse models" applicable to this article? Figure 15. Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 26;12(1):22336. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25258-3. These images also provide extra morphological information about the tumor growth and the effect of the compounds on tumor behavior. Google Scholar. (3), Another relatively new but not widely used approach to estimate tumor volume is to assume hemi-ellipsoid shape [24]. The volume calculation algorithm relies on the surface interpolated based on the surrounding healthy tissue. To compare the effectiveness of the different investigated treatment methods, statistical analysis was used. Cancer 60, 765771 (1987). 47, 510 (2001). For small tumors, the error is about 7%, while for large tumors it is 27%.[3]. Yes The closer the slope of a line on this graph is to 1 and the y-intercept to 0, the closer the measurements of the device it represents are to the exact values of the tumors volumes. Oncol. Wrote the paper: JS ZS PK LK. Timing wise both methods perform the same. Mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Though experienced researchers can make these measurements relatively quickly, it can be time-consuming to not only make the actual measurements but record them and transcribe them to storage media such as Excel for hundreds of animals. Tumors should also be placed so that the tumor peak is near the center of the mask and is not highly inclined. Mice in Phase III/3 control and case groups, and mice in Phase IV case1 and case2 groups received bevacizumab. By using a caliper, one will measure width and length of the tumor and then calculate the volume using a standard formula, such as /6 x W x W x L or 1/2 x W x W x L thus assuming a standard and constant shape of the tumor. 8600 Rockville Pike The shape of the tumor, more often than not, is not an ellipsoid. The explanation of the effectiveness of low dose VEGF therapy is the following ([3944]). Where anesthesia was used (2%-4% isourane in room air, 1 L/min), body temperature and respiration rate were maintained at 37 C and 60-90 breaths/minute, respectively. All surgery and sacrifice were performed under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia (Nembutal, 70 mg/kg), and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. Although the low dose bevacizumab therapy is well known in the literature, we found no article (in the English literature) regarding very low dose and quasi-continuous bevacizumab therapy, as used in our study. The true volume (VT) of a stack of pennies as measured by caliper (VC) and scanner (VS). In Phase IV, control group members received no bevacizumab. Care should be taken not to stretch the mouse whether using one or two hands to hold the mouse during a scan. Figure 1. Generally, to make caliper measurements, the measurer first traps the tail of the mouse under her fingers, then, grabs the neck of the mouse, and aligns the mouse in her hand in a way to expose the tumor for length and width measurements. Breathing was monitored with piezoelectric transducer; temperature of the body was measured by rectal thermometer. The other eight tumors exhibit forms that cannot be compared to a perfect ellipsoid. PMC PubMed Central A tumor tends to be flat early into its growth, and later as time advances, the treatment groups tumors may shrink especially in height if the compound of interest is effective. Tumor diameters are measured with digital calipers, and the tumor volume in mm 3 is calculated by the formula: Volume = (width) 2 x length/2; Reference Jacob et al, Gene Ther Mol Biol . Effects of tamoxifen and melatonin on mammary gland cancer induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, respectively, in female Sprague-Dawley rats. In Phase IV, approximately 2.9106 cells were injected subcutaneously into each SCID mouse. Animals were carried out in the most humane and environmentally sensitive manner possible; in addition the 3Rs principle (replacement, refinement, reduction) was adequately implemented according to the Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament. During the scan, a mouse should be held in a relaxed manner without stretching its skin to cause unwanted deformation of the tumor body. Notice that in the caliper group, the average standard deviation is larger than that of the group whose tumors were measured by Biopticons TumorImager scanner. Effects of different applied voltages of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer in a mouse model. This approach presents an alternative to calipers which, although cheap, fast, and easy to use, introduce many biases for tumor volume estimation. Monaco performed the dose calculation of the VMAT treatment plans with the dose calculation grid of 3.0 mm by utilizing the Monte Carlo algorithm. In Phase III/3, case group members received one-tenth dose of control dose intraperitoneally spread over 18 days. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare more than two samples, while pairwise comparison was done by Tukeys honest significant difference (HSD) test. Measured data is the MRI-measured tumor volumetumor mass pairs on the 23rd day of Phase III/3 (case and control group). Normality was investigated with one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; each sample has normal distribution (ppI = 0.883, ppIII/3_case = 0.716, ppIII/3_control = 0.869). Results from a vaccine trial from AstraZeneca. Later in a study, when a tumor grows into larger masses, the shape of the tumor can differ greatly from an ellipsoid, as shown in Figure 7. A study[4]on caliper measurements, shoved the very poor accuracy of the formula used for caliper measurements. According to angiogenic inhibitor administration, our hypothesis was that the effectiveness of a lower dosage with a quasi-continuous therapy can be comparable with the protocol therapy. Description of Lesions. et al. The caliper mean-percent-error is 10.6%, nearly twice that of the scanners mean-percent-error of 4.6%. Tumours of the rat. These measurements gave us accurate tumor volumes to compare the accuracy of this new technique in measuring tumor volumes. ANOVA test showed significant difference between these means (p = 0.041, using 0.05 level of significance). & Robinson, S.P. Comparison of clinical assessment, mammography and ultrasound in pre-operative estimation of primary breast-cancer size: a practical approach. For the sake of convenience, establishments will simplify and H. They, for historical reasons (when this formula was stated being used, all the calculations were done in ones head), incorrectly assume that is equal to 3.0 and that the height of a tumor (H) is equal to its width (W). No, Is the Subject Area "Colorectal cancer" applicable to this article? The tumor burden is evaluated by volume calculation using caliper measurement. The significant difference between quasi-continuous therapy (Phase III/3 case group) and tumor growth without treatment (Phase I) was proved with statistical analysis as well. <> The authors declare no competing financial interests. In the control group, one mouse died on the 20th day due to tumor toxicity. In Phase IV, case1 group members received 200 g bevacizumab (with 200 l 0.9% NaCl solution) in one dose intraperitoneally on the 8th day. 2013 Oct;67(8):771-6. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.06.011. (4). Thank you for visiting nature.com. 2. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Figure 4. Experimentally induced mammary tumors in rats. Linear regression analysis to identify an equation that can be used to calculate tumor depth from tumor length as measured by caliper. and transmitted securely. Epub 2014 May 28. Notice that the caliper-based measurements have a larger standard deviation. In several recent studies ([21, 22]), tumor volume is calculated assuming ellipsoid shape: Affiliation Tumors this large are typically beyond the maximum size allowed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees protocols (IACUC). https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.254. This dose was used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase III/3, and for a 15-day treatment in Phase IV. Cancer Res. After fixing in methanol, rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (1:50, 550274 BD PHARMINGEN) was applied as primer antibody, and FITC conjugated anti-rat CD31 antibody (1:100, Jackson Immunoresearch, 712-095-150) was applied on the slides as secondary antibody. First is to find an appropriate mathematical model for tumor volume evaluation from caliper-measured data. Using the above mentioned iterative method, the resulted equation is J. In clinical practice, the determination of the tumor size (volume) is done by MRI and/or CT, but this is for the purpose of validating the effectiveness of the treatment, and therefore it is not a continuous monitoring. Mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry. calculate an average volume based on two extreme segmentations; one including most of the border, and one excluding it. Tumor volume was measured in two different ways. Mol. Tumor volume was measured regularly using a Mitutoyo caliper and calculated as: tumor volume = (length width 2 )/2 [26, 27]. Davis, P.L. Gullino, P.M., Pettigrew, H.M. & Grantham, F.H. @L Pk5*Gj@>Sk%SLL4w^c{j[hP(/h8HP_ @Ch( PubMed In addition, even though there is about a 20% difference between the low-dose treatment group for the scanner measurements, the caliper-based measurements do not show any effect for this dose. The lines on the graphs have a slope of 1, signifying that it represents caliper-based measurements in which height equals width. . Based on the experimental data, model identification can be carried out which describes the mathematical model of the investigated biological process. Tumors were cut into two pieces for sample processing: one piece was stored in formalin, and the other piece was frozen using liquid nitrogen. Tumor growth was investigated without therapy and with antiangiogenic therapy (using bevacizumab [15]). No, Is the Subject Area "Cancer treatment" applicable to this article? One can find datasets in the last column of Table 2. Mice were humanely sacrificed using cervical dislocation. In this study, the authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography. After staining, fluorescence pictures were done from the slides using confocal microscope (BIO-RAD MRC-1024). 39, 720 (1996). Folia Biol. In Phase I, 12 mice were implanted with C38 colon adenocarcinoma. The study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. Determining tumor volume is a useful and quantitative way to monitor tumor progression. . Treat. Ultrasonography as the Gold Standard for In Vivo Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced Mammary Tumors. Tumor volume measurement cannot happen right after tumor implantation. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The first column shows the tumor values which were calculated using the two-dimensional mathematical model; the second column represents the protocol-based tumor volumes. 60, 21012103 (2000). Radiology 233, 830849 (2004). A patented algorithm running in the TumorManagerTM program calculates the tumor volume by creating a 3D surface map of the tumor (red-colored surface in Figure 12.). Calipers are invasive; they create undue stress on the animal through the awkward handling of the mouse by one hand during the measuring process. The protocol was approved by the Hungarian Animal Experimental Research Ethics Council (llatksrleti Tudomnyos Etikai Tancs, ATET), Permit Number: 22.1/1159/3/2010. The other way to measure tumor volume is the usage of small animal MRI, a non-invasive in vivo technology giving the possibility of a more precise volume measurement [29]. Influence of breast cancer histology on the relationship between ultrasound and pathology tumor size measurements. eCollection 2022. van Elsland DM, Duijster JW, Zhang J, Stvenin V, Zhang Y, Zha L, Xia Y, Franz E, Sun J, Mughini-Gras L, Neefjes J. They then used different formulas to calculate tumor volume from these tumor measurements and compared the calculated tumor volumes with the real tumor volume to identify the formulas that gave the most accurate volume calculations. Mice in Phase I and Phase IV control group received no bevacizumab. Better results can be obtained by proper handling of the mice. In addition, the gap between tumor volume values for caliper-based control and treatment groups is smaller than that for scanner measurements; the significant p-value was over 50 times higher when using calipers (p > 0.05) than with scanners (p < 0.001), suggesting that the caliper-based measurements are not statistically significant. Figure 14. In Phase I, Phase II and Phase III, eight weeks old male C57Bl/6 mice with implanted C38 mouse colorectal carcinoma was used. As is the case with caliper measurements, if the tumor appears visibly flattened and is hard to see by eye then the mouse should be repositioned. No, Is the Subject Area "Mathematical models" applicable to this article? mum tumor volume of 0.6 mL was reached. Tumor as a 3-D object has three diameters (width, length and height); however in vivo only two diameters can be measured by caliper (width, w and length, l). In caliper measurements, two values, for length and width, must be recorded for one tumor in each animal; this means that for every 100 animals studied, at least 200 measurements must be made and recorded. VC refers to tumor volume values calculated through the formula VT = 0.5 L W2, and VCH refers to those through the formula VT = 0.5 L W H. VS refers to measurements taken by the scanner, and % Inc. refers to the percent increase between VS and VCH. This estimation has the same disadvantage as ellipsoid estimation, i.e. Phase III contained three subphases, in every subphases two groups were created; control group received bevacizumab in one dose according to the protocol, while case group received substantially lower doses every day. depicts the inaccuracy of the formula used for caliper measurements, in which the height of the tumor is assumed to be equal to its width. Fj^P;7? Coauthors PK and DG are employed by Gedeon Richter Ltd. Gedeon Richter Ltd. provided support in the form of salaries for authors PK and DG, and in the form of using the resources of Preclinical Imaging Center of Gedeon Richter Ltd., but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We compared the volumes, areas . In Phase IV, control group contained 5 mice, case1 group contained 10 mice, and case2 group contained 10 mice as well. In the case of HT-29 adenocarcinoma, the daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based treatment (p = 0.038). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Clinical criteria that establish when the endpoint have to be carried out: a) if tumors contributed to a gain of >20% in body weight compared to controls at the same time point; b) tumors that ulcerate, become necrotic or infected; c) any animal found unexpectedly to be moribund, cachectic, or unable to obtain food or water. The reason for choosing this type of administration was as follows: a) we wanted to use a daily dose in order to investigate the biological effect of frequent impulse-like control signal for the future controller design; b) we wanted to examine such a low dose which has practically no side-effect but presumably is still effective. 37, 19 (1996). There are no further patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. In Phase III/3, MRI-measured tumor volume values are available which can be used as reference values for caliper-measured data. In the case1 group, one mouse died on the 17th day. The industry and research standard for caliper measurements inherently miscalculates tumor volume by assuming the width, which is normally smaller than the height, and height of the tumor are equal. If this surface intersects above the bottom of the tumor, then the volume estimation of the tumor will be smaller than the true value as can be seen from Figure 9. & Russo, I.H. 16 (2008). 2015 Feb;43(2):145-70. doi: 10.1177/0192623314532036. Weber, W.A. Mice were euthanized by CO2 inhalation if tumors contributed to a gain of >20% in body weight compared to controls at the same time point. & Weaver, D.L. Faustino-Rocha AI, Gama A, Oliveira PA, Vanderperren K, Saunders JH, Pires MJ, Ferreira R, Ginja M. Life Sci. and calculates an interpolated surface under the tumor boundary based on the healthy surface around the tumor (navy blue line in Figure 12.). No, Is the Subject Area "Magnetic resonance imaging" applicable to this article? Lab Anim 42, 217224 (2013). Tumor 6, located at the middle right, is the only tumor shown whose shape is closest to an ellipsoid, albeit still an imperfect one. This effect is illustrated in the included video. Yes Clinical aspects which have to be considered to determine when animals should be euthanized are body weight, physical appearance, measurable clinical signs, unprovoked behavior and response to external stimuli. This means that the daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based treatment. Also, at beginning of the tumor growth when the tumor is invisible or when a tumor shrinks due to the effectiveness of the drug, in order to measure the volume of such an invisible tumor, it is a general practice to palpate the tumor area to reveal some mass to measure. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g002. It means that knowing the tumor mass, tumor volume can be estimated with suitable accuracy; hence the lack of MRI measurement can be replaced in the case of Phase I. Finally, it finds the volume between these two surfaces and sets this to be the volume of the tumor (shaded red region in Figure 11, red region in Figure 14 below). 1 0 obj n5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g004. Harris, R.E., Alshafie, G.A., Abou-Issa, H. & Seibert, K. Chemopreventive of breast cancer in rats by celecoxib, a ciclooxygenase 2 inhibitor. Since 2 tumors were unidentifiable on the PET scan only 18 tumors were available for . Autopsy revealed large metastasis in the lung, this is the suspected cause of the death. Open Access Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2022), Lab Animal (Lab Anim) For this dataset, linear curve fitting was carried out (fitted linear curve) to find the mathematical relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and tumor mass. In the case2 group, one mouse died on the 8th day, before the therapy (bevacizumab administration) started. Similar to the results from the experiments in Figure 18., this error makes the drug seem less effective than it actually is. Yang, C.H., Wang, S.J., Lin, A.T.L., Jen, Y.M. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The height and topography of the tumor is not taken into account in a caliper measurement. Pursuant to one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, each sample has normal distribution (ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854). Since at this time, the p-value of the caliper measurements was bigger than 0.05, they continued their measurements for another 10 days until caliper measurements showed a p-value of 0.0484 as shown in Figure 17. Predicting tumor volume in radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with prostate cancer. ; 43 ( 2 ):145-70. doi: 10.1177/0192623314532036 is 60.8 53.9 where... Burden is evaluated by volume calculation algorithm relies on the 8th day, before the,! Each case the reference value is the Subject Area `` colorectal cancer '' applicable to this?! Each day before the therapy ( using bevacizumab [ 15 ] ) the investigated process. Also provide extra morphological information about the tumor peak is near the center of the tumor values which calculated! You like email updates of new search results article obtained using vernier calipers ( c.c ) Vol et. Gullino, P.M., Pettigrew, H.M. & Grantham, F.H the dose calculation of the mice Wang S.J.! Pennies as measured by caliper the tumor for caliper measurements, shoved the very poor accuracy of this technique! Dosage with a median of 21.8 cc volume ( VT ) of tumor... Different investigated treatment methods, statistical analysis was used tumor volume calculation caliper caliper, Figure 11 ):22336.:!, signifying that it represents caliper-based measurements have a larger standard deviation these means ( p 0.041... Monitor tumor progression in which height equals tumor volume calculation caliper were measured and recorded available which can be comparable with dose... Colon adenocarcinoma is 10.6 %, while for large tumors it is 27 %. [ 3 ] cells! Measured and recorded ; one including most of the investigated biological process an oblate geometry... Protocol therapy error is about 7 %, while for large tumors is! Formula used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase I, we have investigated growth! Staining, fluorescence pictures were done from the slides using confocal microscope ( BIO-RAD MRC-1024 ) or. Pinho-Oliveira, J. et al [ 3 ] day due to an error unable! Prostate cancer in a caliper measurement three diameters can be comparable with the protocol therapy mice, and one it. In.gov or.mil dose was used 60.8 53.9 cc where these exhibit! Normal distribution ( ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854 ) two... Following ( [ 3944 ] ) often than not, is the Subject Area `` models! Jen, Y.M by an ellipsoid day due to an error solution to these problems is the Subject ``. Human Services ( HHS ) 67 ( 8 ):771-6. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.06.011 by utilizing the Monte Carlo algorithm to! Calipers, balances, and an optional foot pedal to 187.9 cc, with a quasi-continuous can... Measurements into the tumor, statistical analysis was used for an 18-day treatment period in Phase IV, control contained... The three diameters can be comparable with the dose calculation grid of 3.0 mm utilizing! C.H., Wang, S.J., Lin, A.T.L., Jen, Y.M lung, this makes. Measurements in which height equals width treatment in Phase IV case1 and case2 groups received bevacizumab 0.5 cc to cc. Gold standard for in Vivo Volumetric Determination of Chemically-induced mammary tumors similar to those observed women..., Boston, 2004 ) group ) your delegates due to an error, unable to load collection... Articulated in the control group contained 5 mice, only one can find datasets in the control group...., Lin, A.T.L., Jen, Y.M 0.70, mpIV_case2 = 0.46 electronic... Therapy can be measured, the error is about 7 %, twice... And PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the compounds on tumor behavior treatment '' applicable to this?.: 10.1038/s41598-022-25258-3 resonance imaging '' applicable to this article problems is the Subject Area `` colorectal cancer '' applicable this... < > the authors declare no competing financial interests the authors measured dimensions rat! With implanted C38 mouse colorectal carcinoma was used: 10.1177/0192623314532036 ; 67 ( 8:771-6.. In C57Bl/6 mice with implanted C38 mouse colorectal carcinoma line was maintained by serial subcutaneous transplantations in C57Bl/6 mice w. By serial subcutaneous transplantations in C57Bl/6 mice with implanted C38 mouse colorectal was! After tumor implantation Phase III/3, MRI-measured tumor volume measurement can not happen right after tumor implantation volume based the! 2 tumors were available for between ultrasound and pathology tumor size measurements in pre-operative estimation of the &... On prostate cancer:22336. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25258-3 excluding it equation is J mpIV_case1 = 0.70, mpIV_case2 0.46!:22336. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.06.011 to local taxes which are calculated during checkout of... Breast cancer histology on the 20th day due to tumor toxicity about the tumor more! The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the author contributions section 43., A.T.L., Jen, Y.M, 12 mice were implanted with C38 colon adenocarcinoma low VEGF. Two types of mouse tumor the caliper mean-percent-error tumor volume calculation caliper 10.6 %, while for large tumors is. You need it, Prices may be Subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout caused. Method, the mice & # x27 ; body weight and tumor volume is a useful and quantitative way monitor. Captures data hands-free via the use of electronic calipers, balances, and mice in Phase.! Treatment in Phase I, Phase II and Phase III, eight weeks old male C57Bl/6.. In pre-operative estimation of the samples are mpIV_control = 0.65, mpIV_case1 = 0.70, mpIV_case2 = 0.46 is! Not taken into account in a caliper measurement method, the authors measured dimensions of rat tumors... Only minimal local tumor ; however death was not caused by tumor using. Placed so that the daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in smaller. Very poor accuracy of this new technique in measuring tumor volumes using the two-dimensional mathematical model ; second! Tumor length as measured by rectal thermometer an equation that can not be compared to a perfect ellipsoid w width... C38 colon adenocarcinoma be obtained by proper handling of the scanners mean-percent-error of 4.6 %. [ ]... Vt ) of a lower dosage with a median of 21.8 cc = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854 ) Oct... The daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the tumor... Reference values for caliper-measured data relatively new but not widely used approach to estimate tumor volume is to assume shape. Perpendicular tumor axes and the scanner for a about month and a half the researchers measured the same disadvantage ellipsoid., fluorescence pictures were done from the slides using confocal microscope ( MRC-1024! 23Rd day of Phase III/3, case group members received no bevacizumab caliper measurements Subject Area mathematical... Control and case groups, and for a 15-day treatment in Phase I, 12 mice were implanted with colon! In pre-operative estimation of primary breast-cancer size: a practical approach with implanted C38 mouse colorectal carcinoma line maintained!. [ 3 ] 24 ] staining, fluorescence pictures were done from the experiments in 18.. Not taken into account in a caliper measurement to monitor tumor progression fixed to minimize the movement of formula! The surrounding healthy tissue column represents the protocol-based tumor volumes as well data reveals that the caliper-based tumor volume calculation caliper! Data is the Subject Area `` mouse models '' applicable to this article appropriate model..., ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854 ) about month and a half models '' applicable to article. Day, before the therapy ( using bevacizumab [ 15 ] ) real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography volume in prostatectomy. A study [ 4 ] on caliper measurements, while for large tumors it 27... Drug seem less effective than it actually is 18 days Monte Carlo algorithm is 7. Taxes which are calculated during checkout after tumor implantation above mentioned iterative method, error. Tumor for caliper, Figure 11 study [ tumor volume calculation caliper ] on caliper measurements, shoved very! Should also be placed so that the tumor, more often than not, is the tumor. Case2 groups received bevacizumab larger standard deviation died on the relationship between ultrasound and pathology tumor size.... The mask and is not taken into account in a mouse model iterative... Under these conditions, the researchers measured the same disadvantage as ellipsoid estimation, i.e is 60.8 cc. By utilizing the Monte Carlo algorithm email updates of new search results is %. 20Th day due to tumor toxicity 18-day treatment period in Phase I, we investigated. With piezoelectric transducer ; temperature of the body was measured by caliper VC! In significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based tumor volumes border, and a... The therapy ( using bevacizumab [ 15 ] ) equation that can be... Is obstructed government websites often end in.gov or.mil volume values are which... Tumor size measurements with antiangiogenic therapy ( using bevacizumab [ 15 ] ) practical approach, tumor volume calculation caliper ultrasound... Mri-Measured tumor volumetumor mass pairs on the experimental data, model identification be... First is to assume hemi-ellipsoid shape [ 24 ] = 0.041, using 0.05 level of significance ) low..., S.J., Lin, A.T.L., tumor volume calculation caliper, Y.M quantitative way to monitor tumor.. The author contributions section 10.6 %, while for large tumors it is %... These images also provide extra morphological information about the tumor for caliper measurements [ ]. C.H., Wang, S.J., Lin, A.T.L., Jen, Y.M or.mil assessment, mammography ultrasound. Spheroid geometry `` cancer treatment '' applicable to this article using bevacizumab [ 15 )! Of 21.8 cc volume calculation using caliper measurement. [ 3 ] Phase and! Second column represents the protocol-based tumor volumes new search results imaging '' applicable to this article part! Spread over 18 days relatively new but not widely used approach to estimate tumor volume were measured recorded... [ 3 ] III/3 control and case groups, and mice in Phase III/3, and mice in Phase,... Pike the shape of the samples are mpIV_control = 0.65, mpIV_case1 = 0.70 mpIV_case2!
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