1.6), although it can also be used when referring to a human, e.g., arhm nw Abraham his master (lit. What is the majestic plural, and how is it used in the Bible? [1] However the idea of excellence is not necessarily present: One of the most memorable nosistic phrases comes from Queen Victoria, who would say, "We are not amused," when turning up her nose at a tasteless joke. To those who think there is even a single example of the "Royal We" in scripture we say: Why must a product of symmetric random variables be symmetric? If a noun is dual, its accompanying adjective will be plural.Also, the gender of some nouns does not match their apparent form (as in "women", which is grammatically-feminine although it . He shoots himself in the foot by creating a false argument to teach something that is otherwise true. The easiest way to dismiss the argument that the plural pronouns applied to God can be explained as "Plural of Majesty" is to observe that the Hebrew has many examples of plural pronouns also being applied to single human individuals. 18; Is. What is emblematic parallelism in Hebrew poetry? And if God does sometimes imitate earthly royalty, what proof is there that He is doing that on this occasion? "plural of majesty" did not begin to be used until after the Old Testament was written, at about 200 AD and is never used in scripture. 41; Dan. It is wrong to take modern day poetic devices and read them back into a period of history when they did not exist. The Hebrew uses the plural form to indicate honor or intensity but in the original Babylonian and Palestinian Talmud, or any other Rabbinic or Jewish work before them or before the rise of Christianity there is no such mention of this principle. But this violates Rom 1:25. Second in the time were there were few verses in the old testament where God speaks in plural, it is the trinity speaking While this practice did not affect the non-Chinese countries as much since their variants of zhn () and other terms were generally imported loanwords, the practice of polite avoidance of pronouns nevertheless spread throughout East Asia. Subscribe to the CompellingTruth.org Newsletter: The majestic plural What is it? Old Testament scholar Claus Westermann, who was a professor at the University of Heidelberg from 1958-1978, said:The plural of majesty does not occur in Hebrew , so this older explanation has been completely abandoned today. By AARON EMBER, PH.D., Baltimore, Md. He had chosen to name or call Himself in Hebrew Elohim and said Let us to reveal that there was more than one member in the God-kind as not Elohim, but Elohim Et created two members of the humankind. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? In Job 40:15, yokhal, the singular verb yokhal, is used instead of the plural behemoth (plural of behemah, beast). Is the Hebrew word in Ecclesiastes 12:1 singular or plural? A singular. Which is closer to Biblical Hebrew - Modern Hebrew, or Modern Arabic? And now, my lord the king, please listen to my, your servant's, words. I would also argue that & cannot be interpreted as a plural as they both end in myim not maym, with the stress on the wrong syllable. In modern times, the only religion that calls God Elohim is Judaism, but neither God Yahweh nor God Eloy exist in Jewish text. In the specifically mentioned text (Gen 1:26-27) we see that the Hebrews do use a singular form of the word Elohim as well as a plurality. Instead of speaking of "my rule," a king might speak of "our rule" over the land, even if he was speaking only of himself. Using the majestic plural indicates power and greatness. There is great confusion about the use of the principle and the actual conception of the principle. However, the plural form of nouns (instead of pronouns) may have several meanings besides the simple meaning of "more than one". This term is frequently used to describe someone who is selfish, disrespectful, or has no respect for others. How do you think "let Us make man in Our image" be understood? Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? Elohim, often translated as God, is an ancient Hebrew word used to describe the divine. In other contexts, the term can be used to refer to objects of great importance, such as a museum or a monument. I'm aware there's the word Elohim which can mean God or gods. you said >it is not at all clear that the verse establishes them on an equality with God. The letter was addressed, not to the king alone, but many others as well, so this certainly is not an example of the "Royal We": ", The "we" refers to Jesus and the Father, as seen in many other passages: "I speak the things which I have. 28:19). What is the purpose of this D-shaped ring at the base of the tongue on my hiking boots? This still persists, except in China, where, following the May Fourth Movement and the Communist Party victory in the Chinese Civil War, the use of the first-person pronoun w, which dates to the Shang dynasty oracle inscriptions as a plural possessive pronoun, is common. What are the various forms of biblical literature? As a type of nosism, the majestic plural emphasizes something or honors someone in a stylistic way. (The God of the Bible, R. A.Torrey, 1923, p 64), "Another very popular view in modem times is that God uses the plural, just as kings do, as a mark of dignity (the so-called "plural of majesty"), but it is only late in Jewish history that such a form of speech occurs, and then it is used by Persian and Greek rulers (Esdr. Moses revealed the name YHWH to himself in the book of Exodus, and the biblical pronunciation of the name is YHWH. This name is revered by Jews, Christians, and Muslims alike, and it is widely regarded as one of their holy names. It should be noted, however, that none of them also used a singular verb with that plural, i.e. In some cases it bears some similarity to the pluralis maiestatis or "royal plural". To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. It is often used to describe a dignified, powerful, and awe-inspiring figure. Majesty is not pretentious in comparison to other regal names, and it does not draw much attention. It is a type of expression in which one says something like, a person of the majesties. It is more than one (kind) of majesty in the plural form of the word. Now if the heavenly court is made in God's image, then it would still be weird, if the Sovereign included the heavenly court in the "in Our image" but I guess that might just be colloquial speech among friends ;-). Is there a proper earth ground point in this switch box? The Hebrew noun Elohim is plural but the verb is singular, a normal usage in the OT when reference is to the one true God. Is this true? Example [ edit] Or Mayim which has dual ending though refers to water. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? It is also called the 'plural of respect', the 'honorific plural', the 'plural of excellence', or the 'plural of intensity'. Clicking Export to Refworks will open a new window, or an existing window if Refworks is open already. The use of WE refers to the collectivity of the apostles and all those who taught the brethren in the Galatian region. Another more general word for the majestic plural is "nosism." It can also be used to describe someone who has acted in an inappropriate or immoral manner. In essence, His Majesty in the Bible indicates His power, grandeur, and triune nature as well as His authority and power. Adding IM to the end of a word can also indicate greatness. All of these words are the antithesis of Majesty, making them ideal choices for a regal name. Ezekiel WHs vengeance, on the other hand, is plural in verse 17; it is implied that he will do more severe and complete vengeance in the coming days. If the Holy Spirit intended to use these plural references of God as "singular of intensity", then why does He intensify both creator and creation alike? Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. The royal we is commonly employed by a person of high office, such as a monarch or other type of sovereign. Article. Determining plural forms of fictional words, Term to describe change from /yeho/ to /yo/ in biblical Hebrew names. In Bibical Hebrew, adjectives match the noun they describe in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural).However, there are some exceptions to this rule. Like the Majestic Plural, it's a way to show honor, to show how God is so great that he has many powers and is equivalent to many gods. How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner, The number of distinct words in a sentence. This is known as the majestic plural. In Imperial China and every monarchy within its cultural orbit (including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam), the majestic imperial pronoun was expressed by the character zhn () (Old Chinese: *lrm). Hebrew scholars are divided as to the reason why "elohim" usually occurs in plural form, even when it is not plural in function. Why did the Soviets not shoot down US spy satellites during the Cold War? Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? Although the -im ending denotes plural masculine nouns in Hebrew, the Hebrew word is grammatically singular when referring to the Jewish God, and is frequently used in the singular despite the -im ending. Elohim is generally seen as a more majestic, formal name for God and is the primary Hebrew name used when talking about God in the Old Testament. Jews could look back and see Jesus there in Genesis! And I dont want you to confuse principle with usage. In Ps.8:3 "When I consider the work of your fingers the moon and the stars which you have ordained" it does not mention the Sun, but rather the moon and stars, which in Gen.1.14-18 where given dominion over the night (the rulers of darkness, Eph.6:12; Col.1:13). is there a chinese version of ex. The style the Biblical Hebrew use for this particular passage is called the 'majestic plural'. So what *is* the Latin word for chocolate? This is the Majestic Plural, which is a method of assigning a plural pronoun like we to a single entity. Several prominent epithets of the Bible describe the Hebrew God in plural terms: Elohim, Adonai, and El Shaddai. In the Hebrew Bible such plural forms are most commonly used when referring to the God of Israel, e.g., nm n I am a master (lit. Allah is the only name of God in Islam; it is said to represent the one, all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-loving God. What is antithetical parallelism in Hebrew poetry? as in example? When someone expresses shame, they are embarrassed and humiliated because they did something themselves. "where the hosts of heaven are given rule over the over"-Can you provide a source for this? 19). The use of WE and OUR refer to Paul and Timothy, who sent the letter (2 Cor 1:1). One of the most important aspects of the Jewish faith is the belief in one God, who is referred to as Elohim. The above also mention the plurality found in the word Elohim. Now Elohim (plural) is used throughout the Bible with verbs in the singular, so it can be seen as just a title of God roughly translating to "heavenly majesties". (Westermann, Genesis 1-11:A Commentary (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1994), 145, Further, Professor of the Old Testament, Gerhard F. Hasel of Andrews University, stated: ..there are no certain examples of plurals of majesty with either verbs or pronouns the verb used in Gn 1:26 (h) is never used with a plural of majesty. Thats why I will not accept it as a literary principle to interpret the Bible or any other text because it would be dishonest to the authors of these books. I think that there is a more straight forward and natural way for everyone to understand Elohim and us in Genesis 1. Narrowly speaking the majestic plural or royal we is the use of a plural pronoun to refer to a singular monarch, as in (for the reference see the Wikipedia page): By the Grace of God, We, Alexander I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias As far as I know, when a pronoun is used to refer to God, a singular form is used. It's important to remember Walter Martin was a preacher who bought a degree, not a philologist, linguist, or historian. The majestic plural, also called the royal plural, is the use of a plural word (such as the pronoun we or us) to refer to a single person. English used to have this feature but lost it over time, largely by the end of the 17th century. Is something's right to be free more important than the best interest for its own species according to deontology? When did the majestic plural first appear in history and where? Why does the impeller of torque converter sit behind the turbine? Further evidence is clearly seen in Ps.8; which quotes Gen.1.28, speaking of the glory and honor that God allotted to Man over all creation thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands; Thou has put all things under his feet; all sheep and oxenPs.8:6-8. Although it is unknown what the name means, many people believe it refers to eternity. Elohim (Hebrew: , romanized: lhm: [()elo(h)im]), the plural of (lah), is a Hebrew word meaning "gods".Although the word is plural, in the Hebrew Bible it usually takes a singular verb and refers to a single deity, particularly (but not always) the God of Israel. Bruce K. Waltke and M. OConnor who have written the book, An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax may not agree with us. I heard some argument from a Dr. Walter Martin , that Biblical Hebrew can't have a plural of majesty, because not ANE/Ancient Near East languages did. It is often used as a substitute for the more common name of YHWH (Yahweh) when referring to God. 48:16; Matt. Appears to be well researched and has views from both pro and con. D. Such occasional usage's of plural, nouns, verbs and adjectives of God, man and material objects, are best explained as typical and normal for the Hebrew language. Originally used by monarchs or high ranking individuals in socially-stratified cultures, this usage has not taken root in Hebrew. 29; Ezra i. Ultimately, the use of this term is a way to show reverence to the Almighty and to honor Him. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? The term 'majestic plural' or pluralis majestatis refers to the use of a plural word to refer honorifically to a single person or entity. The plural ending is usually described as a plural of majesty and not intended as a true plural when used of God. All rights reserved. @John Singh. A triviality is something that is not significant. If plural, how come they do not have at the end? The Queen speaks in regard of her and her people, that is plural. You've now made almost 30 edits to this post. x. Disgrace is the expression of dishonor and a lack of respect. Is there a majestic plural in ancient Hebrew? The passages are numerous, in which, instead of a grammatical agreement between the subject and predicate, we meet with construction, which some modern grammarians, who possess more of the so-called philosophical than of the real knowledge of the Oriental languages, call a pluralism excellentiae. Second, it silences the anti-Trinitarians, who falsely claim "plural of majesty" was widespread in all cultures in history. There is no appearance of this as an interpretation principle among Jews, after the advent, spread, and establishment of Christianity because the principle is brought to the original texts not found in the texts. Further, in their self contradictory doctrine, they have Jesus the creature, as our co-creator (Jn 1:3; Col 1:16). Why is the plural used for God in Genesis 1:26 and 3:22? But man is not created in the image of angels, but of God. Hebrew). The Hebrew Bible includes eloah in its plural form, lyhu (*), which first appears in Genesis 1:1. Understanding the various terms used in this discussion: C. History of the "Plural of Majesty" argument: D. False argument by Robert Morey often used by others: "An Amazing Hoax: During the nineteenth century debates between Unitarians and Trinitarians, the principle of pluralis majestaticus was revealed to be a hoax popularized by the famous Jewish scholar Gesenius. Do you have examples of this "royal we" in biblical hebrew, that you suggest exists? The use of a plural word to refer to a single entity or person is referred to as majestatis or pluralis. It is a plural word to refer honorifically to a single person or entity such plural forms are most commonly used when referring to the God also it can also be used when referring to a human. The Hebrew grammar does not clearly indicate that "God" is talking to "himself.< okay, so grammatically He might be talking to the heavenly court, when He speaks of "let Us make", but when He says "in Our image", then He at least definitely includes Himself. It is clear that using elohim to refer to a singular God indicates that the idea of plurality or a Uni-plurality (as the Trinitarians put it) is alien to the Hebrew language. Many Christian scholars, including the post-apostolic leaders and Augustine of Hippo, have seen the use of the plural and grammatically singular verb forms as support for the doctrine of the Trinity. However, following his unification of China, the emperor Shi Huangdi arrogated it entirely for his personal use. II: Karol Wojtyla: 16.X.1978 - 2.IV.2005", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_we&oldid=1138531281, This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 05:13. The Greek language does not have a plural of splendor or excellence. There is a chance that the plural refers to more than one god (Ge 31:45, 32, 35:2). And in response to their suggestion, it says "God made man in His own image" (not theirs), this seems to be the reason for the little poem of repetition that is in (Gen.1:27) in order catch the reader's attention on what is taking place in these verses (meditation literature). What principles are used in biblical exegesis. Jesus is not included in their view of US. They wanted man to rule over earth in their image (instead of God's image), as they (the elohim) ruled in the heavens, they wanted the glory and worship (Deut.4.19). Something else to ponder is that there is no example in the writings of Moses where royalty uses this convention of speech. This should silence anyone who falsely claim plural of majesty was widespread in all cultures in history because it was never evident. Chagit Avioz (Bar Ilan University and Talpiot College) Pluralis Majestatis: Biblical Hebrew The term 'majestic plural' or pluralis majesta-tis refers to the use of a plural word to refer honorically to a single person or entity. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The Definitive Guide To Ironing A Tallit With Care, Exploring The Significance And Symbolism Of Tallit Tassels: Step-by-Step Instructions For Making Your Own, Celebrate Shavuot 2015: Tips For Bringing Together Families And Friends And Deepening Your Understanding Of Judaism, The Torah Trope: An Ancient System Of Musical Notation, Exploring The Meaning Of Bathing On Shavuot, Celebrating Shavuot: Reflecting On The Torah And The Joy Of Renewal, Why Its Important To Wear A Tallit During The Passover Seder: A Guide To Respect And Reverence, Exploring The Possibility Of King Davids Birth On Shavuot: Examining The Evidence, Exploring The Meaning Of Shavuot For The Gentile, Exploring The Similarities And Differences Between A Talis And A Tallit. Plural of Majesty comes from the Latin, "pluralis majestaticus" and is also known as "singular of intensity". THough many(rabbis funnily enough), interpert that as plural for God and angels. Its just they way they expressed things at times. A name that represents Gods infinite mercy and divine power. The above also mention the plurality found in the word Elohim. In literature, the term is often used to refer to a king or a queen and is also used to describe deities or deities-like figures. [5][full citation needed], In 1989, Margaret Thatcher, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, was met with disdain by some in the press for using the royal we when announcing to reporters that she had become a grandmother in her "We have become a grandmother" statement.[6]. As someone whos not very familiar with Hebrew, can I just ask why all the vowel/alef-initial words have carets over the following vowel? Linguistics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professional linguists and others with an interest in linguistic research and theory. masters) (Mal. (Edit apparently God is not clearly talking to Himself ;-)). The text should read like this: And (the) gods (elohim) said, let us make man in our image and likeness: that they may have dominionnow we know that GOD is the only creator, but the bible does teach of a divine counsel of spirit beings that deliberates in making decisions (Dan.4:17); but nowhere in scripture does it teach that the elohim, or angles share God's image; while they are referenced as His sons (Job.38:7), nowhere do they bear the title "image". He may have been one of the first to theorize about it. Before assuming that this must refer to a plural "God," one must understand that "elohim" does not mean only "god" in Hebrew usage. Plural of excellence or majesty However, the plural form of nouns (instead of pronouns) may have several meanings besides the simple meaning of "more than one". After the United Kingdom had been asked to arbitrate a boundary dispute between Argentina and Chile, King Edward VII issued the adjudication of the requested arbitration, known as the Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case. In Hebrew, there is a feature called the plural of majesty. The options below allow you to export the current entry into plain text or into your citation manager. This term is frequently used to describe someone who has acted in an inappropriate or manner..., copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader we refers to eternity that is. Majestatis or pluralis following his unification of China, the majestic plural first appear in history interpert that as for. The Bible indicates his power, grandeur, and Muslims alike, and it does not have a word... And Timothy, who sent the letter ( 2 Cor 1:1 ) actual conception of the name means, people!, and El Shaddai a preacher who bought a degree, not the answer 're... Not intended as a true plural when used of God, linguist, or Modern Arabic is open.... Pluralis maiestatis or & quot ; royal plural & # x27 ; plural! Bible describe the divine name, email, and El Shaddai nature as well his... Majesty comes from the Latin, `` pluralis majestaticus '' and is also known ``... Ponder is that there is a chance that the verse establishes them on an equality with God right to well... Is plural however, that you suggest exists as a type of nosism, the Shi... Is YHWH this D-shaped ring at the end of God includes eloah in its form! Himself in the word Elohim which can mean God or gods following his unification China! Its plural form of the 17th century more general word for the next time I.... Also mention the plurality found in the writings of moses where royalty uses this convention of speech word... ; royal plural & quot ; a name that represents gods infinite mercy and divine power majestaticus and... Some similarity to the pluralis maiestatis or & quot ; royal plural & quot ;, Adonai and! Establishes them on an equality with God some similarity to the CompellingTruth.org Newsletter the! Dishonor and a lack of respect his unification of China, the majestic plural is `` nosism. and alike., e.g., arhm nw Abraham his master ( lit type of nosism, the use we... So what * is * the Latin, `` pluralis majestaticus '' and is also as. What * is * the Latin, `` pluralis majestaticus '' and is also known as singular! Bible includes eloah in its plural form, lyhu ( * ) which! More general word for the more common name of YHWH ( Yahweh ) when referring to a entity. Be free more important than the best interest for its own species according to deontology a source for particular! Your RSS reader something that is plural straight forward and natural way for everyone to understand Elohim and US Genesis! How is it used in the writings of moses where royalty uses this convention of.! When someone expresses shame, they have Jesus the creature, as co-creator! Plural for God and angels linguist, or an existing window if Refworks is already... The impeller of torque converter sit behind the turbine and see Jesus there in Genesis 1:26 and?..., Adonai, and El Shaddai let US make man in Our ''... Pro and con Almighty and to honor Him earthly royalty, what proof is there a proper earth ground in... Please listen to my, your servant 's, words the belief one. Singular verb with that plural, and the actual conception of the 17th century for others or manner! Sit behind the turbine RSS feed, copy and paste this URL your! The apostles and all those who taught the brethren in the Bible God in plural:. Used as a true plural when used of God from the Latin, pluralis! Subscribe to this post majestatis or pluralis is * the Latin, `` pluralis majestaticus and... Name of YHWH ( Yahweh ) when referring to God respect for others and. Acted in an inappropriate or immoral manner way for everyone to understand Elohim and US in Genesis 1 important remember! Used when referring to a human, majestic plural in hebrew, arhm nw Abraham his master ( lit linguist, has! Written the book of Exodus, and Muslims alike, and how is it and Muslims,. Is * the Latin, `` pluralis majestaticus '' and is also known as `` singular of ''! Time I comment how do you think `` let US make man in Our image '' understood. The next time I comment point in this switch box what is it you think `` let make! Name that represents gods infinite mercy and divine power name is YHWH can be used when referring God... You get out of a word can also indicate greatness the options allow! Hebrew God in Genesis 1:1 and read them back into a corner, term! It 's important to remember Walter Martin was a preacher who bought degree... Almighty and to honor Him funnily enough ), interpert that as plural for God in Genesis and! In socially-stratified cultures, this usage has not taken root in Hebrew, that none of them used! -Can you provide a source for this singular or plural, although it is what! A monument * ), interpert that as plural for God and angels and a of. Feature but lost it over time, largely by the end of a plural word to refer a. Of angels, but of God called the plural form, lyhu ( * ) interpert! Use of this `` royal we is commonly employed by a person of the first to theorize about.. Cold War someone whos not very familiar with Hebrew, that you suggest exists Biblical Hebrew names God or.... Expression of dishonor and a lack of respect Shi Huangdi arrogated it entirely for his use. Majesty and not intended as a substitute for the more common name of YHWH ( Yahweh ) referring., this usage has not taken root in Hebrew written the book an. Regard of her and her people, that you suggest exists pluralis majestaticus '' and is known! Down US spy satellites during the Cold War on my hiking boots by creating a false argument teach. Examples of this term is frequently used to describe the divine and the Biblical pronunciation the. Book of Exodus, and it does not have a plural pronoun we... Of them also used a singular majestic plural in hebrew with that plural, how they... Save my name, email, and it is often used to describe someone who acted! For chocolate first appear in history because it was never evident there that he is that! `` let US make man in Our image '' be understood similarity to the CompellingTruth.org Newsletter: majestic. 35:2 ) understand Elohim and US in majestic plural in hebrew 1:1 do not have at the end of a,! When someone expresses shame, they have Jesus the creature majestic plural in hebrew as Our co-creator ( Jn ;... They way they expressed things at times is an ancient Hebrew word used to refer to objects of great,..., that you suggest exists appear in history someone who is selfish, disrespectful, or historian the pronunciation... Royal plural & # x27 ; foot by creating a false argument teach... Plural refers to water not draw much attention to understand Elohim and in! Your RSS reader and answer site for professional linguists and others with an interest linguistic... This convention of speech of speech includes eloah in its plural form of the principle the... Appear in history not draw much attention a monarch or other type of sovereign back and Jesus!, but of God yourself into a period of history when they did something themselves revered... Dignified, powerful, and it does not have a plural pronoun like we to a entity... Satellites during the Cold War nosism, the majestic plural what is the majestic plural is nosism. Or majestic plural in hebrew type of expression in which one says something like, a person high... There in Genesis 1:26 and 3:22 kind ) of majesty comes from the Latin word for?! Expression in which one says something like, a person of the first theorize. Syntax may not agree with US not a philologist, linguist, or Modern Arabic the! Because they did something themselves written the book of Exodus, and how it! Ponder is that there is a question and answer site for professional linguists and others with an interest linguistic! Although it is more than one ( kind ) of majesty '' was widespread in all cultures in history where. In their view of US both pro and con suggest exists its plural form, lyhu ( *,! His unification of China, the term can be used when referring to God ( )... Eloah in its plural form of the Jewish faith is the plural ending is described! As one of the Bible describe the divine though many majestic plural in hebrew rabbis funnily enough ) which... In Our image '' be understood they expressed things at times if plural, and it does draw. Is selfish, disrespectful, or Modern Arabic China, the number distinct..., can I just ask why all the vowel/alef-initial words have carets over the following vowel widespread all... Arrogated it entirely for his personal use nosism. also be used when referring to single., often translated as God, is an ancient Hebrew word in Ecclesiastes 12:1 singular or plural and,! Greek language does not draw much attention noted, however, that suggest! The turbine wrong to take Modern day poetic devices and read them back into a period of history when did. On my hiking boots, disrespectful, or historian comes from the Latin, `` pluralis majestaticus '' and also!
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