Each paragraph in the body of the essay should contain: Haven't found what you were looking for? Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig. So what do we mean when we talk about the spread or rise of nationalism? The origins and early history of nation-states are disputed. Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! Throughout most of the medieval era, what Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) become prevalent in the game, although they are still in their infancy and have both limited range and . Alexis Clark is the author of Enemies in Love: A German POW, A Black Nurse, and an Unlikely Romance, and an adjunct professor at Columbia Journalism School. "Its twin ideological goals, nationalism and democracy, were given substance and form during the tumultuous events beginning at the end of the eighteenth century. . Second, how are attitudes reflected in terms of political choices? By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. The French Revolution, although primarily a republican revolution, initiated a movement toward the modern nation-state and also played a key role in the birth of nationalism across Europe where radical intellectuals were influenced by Napoleon and the Napoleonic Code, an instrument for the political transformation of Europe. Women in the developing world have less access to education 9.- A. Purchasing They are more in need to shore up legitimacyespecially when economies fail to performand they are more able to direct public opinion. As a Nationalism is notoriously difficult to measure. Based on the importance of identifying an other against which to mobilize, this can be another country. Its not unreasonable to conclude that he thought the film was amazing. And of course, a movie screened at the White House was going to be perceived as an endorsement of the film; one white supremacist in Georgia understood this implicitly. In Latin America, this movement has been strong in the 2000s with the left-wing governments that built their power base on their opposition to external intervention, anti-imperialism in Venezuela, Bolivia to Argentina (Webber, Citation2012). Hardly any of the entities on the map would meet the criteria of the nation-state. created. This trend was, however, not all across the board. In the second half of the 19th century, nationalism disintegrated the supranational states of the Habsburgs and the Ottoman sultans, both of which were based upon prenational loyalties. This was partly the result of the recognition by conservative forces that the old order could not continue in its existing form. 9. bureaucracy. Today, the key marker of nationalism is its level of inclusion and exclusion, which might be based on the concept of decent, but can equally be grounded in narratives of being natives or holding a particular set of values. 4. When we are considering the recent rise of nationalism, in its various forms we can therefore only indicate trends and patterns, not give a definitive narrative. As planned, word spread about the burning cross. Forum This observation does not hold universally as there also examples where regions, which are economically deprived and have higher than average numbers of foreigners experience above average anti-foreigner sentiment. Radical nationalist parties rarely secure elected office. It is thus during this global critical juncture that we witnessed the peak of ethnic conflict since the end of World War Two, as both ideological conflicts became infused with ethnic contestation and new conflicts emerged. Isolationism is another important dimension of nationalist attitudes. With this in mind, we can observe that after a peak of ethnic violence in the early 1990s, there has been a considerable decline sinceless pronounced in cases of ethnic violence (lower intensity than war), bottoming out in the middle of the last decade. And with innovative cinematography and a Confederate-skewed point of view, TheBirth of a Nation also helped rekindle the KKK. Data drawn from the World Value Survey between 2004 and 2014 suggest that the levels of citizens who do not (very much or at all) trust people from other nationalities vary greatly, from relatively low levels of distrust in multinational immigrant societies as the United States, Australia and Argentina to high levels in Thailand or Morocco. There was no will in the North to enforce equality, McEwan says. C. Islamic fundamentalism 6.-D. However, multiple studies show that personal experience and contact with foreigners reduces anti-foreigner sentiment (Zamora-Kapoor, Kovincic, & Causey, Citation2013). - Flashcards August Dunbar 8 July 2022 5 (322 reviews) 30 test answers question Which phrase best defines laissez-faire? In England, the dispute In Ireland, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Hungary, and Norway local hostility to alien dynastic authority started to take the form of nationalist agitation.[when?] Duterte used his tough-talking style against crime and political opponents, less for a nationalist agenda (Curato, Citation2017). Unfavorable views of the other between China and Japan (Genron NPO, Citation2016). Consequently, less than 10% of states in the world meet its criteria. To measure this shift, this study examines available evidence concerning: Nationalism is multi-dimensional, as it based on the distinction from others, the border making, the identification with other members of the group and the ideas associated with it and relative importance given to it over other forms of identity. More specifically, Americans' perceptions of how the U.S. stacks up relative to other countries on individual freedoms and quality of life are . This is coupled with racism, authoritarianism and longing for a past that is long gone.Footnote2. People were primed for the message, says Paul McEwan, film studies professor at Muhlenberg College and author of The Birth of Nation (BFI Film Classics). Once such an escalation occurs, governments, including in more autocratic regimes can become subject to nationalist pressure groups (Hornby, Citation2017; Ruan, Citation2016). Furthermore, political repression, symbolized by the Carlsbad Decrees published in Austria in 1819, pushed nationalist agitation underground. The virulent nationalism that rejects the status quo and seeks to reassert the will of an imagined community over a political or cultural space is different from, but draws on, endemic nationalism. Few un-democratic governments have no elections. Registered in England & Wales No. Following a conflict between Russia and Turkey, the Great Powers met at Berlin in 1878 and granted independence to Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and limited autonomy to Bulgaria. The revolutionary French nationalism stressed free individual decision in the formation of nations. Yet, (perceived) of status reversal and loss among the (former) working class in post-industrial countries does provide a plausible similarity for this wave. As the film continued to be screened and re-screened well into the 1920s, Lehr says more Klan chapters formed and membership reportedly reached into the millions. By the end of the fifteenth century, Europeans. Pride in the own nation also offers insight in nationalism. US History HON - Resolution and Declaration Period CHAPTER Home / India News / New chapter in history of Kashi Vishwanath, Updated on Dec 13, 2021 03:31 PM IST Share Via. Nationalist policies pursued by governments can also not just created conflict and instability in the vicinity, but also serve as a larger model and clearinghouse of nationalist movement, as the case of Russia highlights. Instead, it seeks to reflect on trends in countries around the world and try to offer an understanding of this global phenomenon that is neither alarmist, nor ignores patterns that transcend one country, region or continent. "The trade origins of economic nationalism: Import competition and voting behavior in Western Europe." While often described as patriotism, pride indicates individual identification with a collectivity. Virulent exclusionary nationalism does not emerge out of the blue, but rather it requires a series of factors to align. creating and saving your own notes as you read. But have you ever stopped to think about what a country actually is? Identification with the state can be considered also as nationalism, but the more virulent and conflict-prone identifier is the ethnic group. German nationalism began to stress instinct against reason, the power of historical tradition against rational attempts at progress and a more just order, and the historical differences between nations rather than their common aspirations. First, Which came first, the nation or the nation-state? Second, Is nation-state a modern or an ancient idea? Scholars continue to debate a number of possible hypotheses. What political tactic led the candidate to victory in the 1896 presidential election? However, the loss of social or economic status among working-class white voters does not correlate with Trump support. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. One measure of nationalism is the weight and exclusivity given to national identity over other levels of identity. What was the country's staple in the South before the Great Migration? B. the Socialist candidate in the 1912 presidential election. power rested with the central government, which made the laws and practices more German states, the Austrian Empire, Sweden, France, and Spain. nation-state. Furthermore, authoritarian attitudes among citizens often correlate closely with the nationalist worldview (Eckhardt, Citation1991; Todosijevi, Citation1998). (100% Correct Answers) History A Unit 4: The Rise of a Modern Nation. Citizens in the sub-Saharan African countries who indicate that they only or more member of an ethnic group than of state. According to it, an entitys statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. This map of Europe, outlining borders in 1815, demonstrates that still at the beginning of the 19th century, Europe was divided mostly into empires, kingdoms, and confederations. The nationalism of the French Revolution was more than that: it was the triumphant expression of a rational faith in common humanity and liberal progress. Second, even when just considering those countries, we cannot observe a long-term shift towards more nationalist attitudes. Assessing Global Trends, Center for Southeast European Studies, University of Graz, Graz, Austria, The contact hypothesis in intergroup relations, The Manichean myth: Rethinking the distinction between Civic and Ethnic nationalism, Mr. Modi goes to Delhi: Mediated populism and the 2014 Indian Elections, Ethnopopulism in Africa: Opposition mobilization in diverse and unequal societies, Flirting with Authoritarian Fantasies? Categories indicated no (very much or at all). Newly emerging nation-states in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries The German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine against the will of the inhabitants was contrary to the idea of nationalism as based upon the free will of humanity. Which of the following marked the end of the Spanish-American War? From the election of Donald Trump to Brexit, the nationalist policies of the Japanese Prime Minister Shinz Abe, his Indian counterpart Narendra Modi and the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoan, the success of far-right parties in Italian, German and Austrian elections in 2017 and 2018, nationalism appears to be on rise globally (Bremmer, Citation2017; Economist, Citation2016; Economist, Citation2017b). Wed love to have you back! In Germany the struggle was led by writers and intellectuals, who rejected all the principles upon which the American and the French revolutions had been based as well as the liberal and humanitarian aspects of nationalism. 3. A key structural cause of nationalism is a multi-dimensional sense of marginalization. D. Reduction in oil production can result in higher manufacturing and transportation costs worldwide. 8. It wasnt just the fraught racial tensions that made the timing of a rebirth feasible. Nationalist parties can shift the debate, even if they are not based on broad support. First, it defines nationalism today, conceptualizes different forms of nationalism and their associated risks and then explores the relationship with related concepts, such as populism and authoritarianism. Which statement best description the nature and role of the IMF? The question was not asked in all countries throughout the period. Cotton was the South's staple before the Great Migration. Similar to nationalism, populism is a versatile ideology. Low levels of trust of people of another nationality (World Values Survey)Footnote4. A paragraph is a related group of sentences that develops one main idea. All Rights Reserved. czar. Superiority is based on questions% who completely or mostly agree with the statement, Our people are not perfect, but our culture is superior to others (Pew Research Center, Citation2017, 150151). Nations were constituted by an act of self-determination of their members. The victorious trend of liberal nationalism, however, was reversed in Germany by Otto von Bismarck. The famous slogan Liberty, equality, fraternity and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen were thought valid not only for the French people but for all peoples. Globalization has had which of the following positive effects? Finally, how does nationalism spread and is the current visible expression of nationalism temporary, or more structural and permanent? Among the most ethnically fragmented and politicized societies, we can note a marked increase in ethnic identification in Zambia and South Africa. The revolutionary wave of 1848, the year of the spring of the peoples, seemed to realize the hopes of nationalists such as Giuseppe Mazzini, who had devoted his life to the unification of the Italian nation by democratic means and to the fraternity of all free nations. An examination of global trends in this measure does not suggest a rise of national, exclusionary identities. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. The doctrine is named after the Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years War. themselves part of a nation; they rarely left their village and knew little of the Finally, a key risk of nationalism is the increase in ethnic conflict, as had been the case during the nationalist wave in the early 1990s. Also, the nation-state was much stronger militarily Some nationalists proposed a Westernized Russia, associated with the progressive, liberal forces of the rest of Europe. In a study of local dynamics in Eastern Germany that have facilitated far-right support and violence, these include rural (or semi-rural) vs. more privileged urban centers, the sense of marginalization as East vs. West Germans and finally the sense of being disadvantaged as Germans over foreigners, in particular refugees. Similarly, the far-right Alternative fr Deutschland (AfD) entered the German Bundestag with 12.6% of the vote in September 2017, a first for post-war Germany. c $24.99 Previously an editor at Town & Country, she has written for The New York Times, Smithsonian, NBC News Digital, and other publications. C. The IMF is a group economic organization that lends money to economic problems. A. Nationalization of industry Thus, inhabitants in larger urban centers, like London have been more used to exposure to migrants, while those in smaller towns have viewed migration as a greater threat (Economist, Citation2017a). Throughout most of the medieval era, what became Russia was a minor principality centered on the city of Moscow. Populists need not be autocrats, but the implicit erosion of checks and balances and the Manichean worldview of populism does lend itself as both a legitimizing strategy for autocrats, or more importantly, populists drift towards authoritarianism in power. We know that sometimes it's hard to find inspiration, so we provide you with hundreds of related samples. Figure 10. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Select the word to complete this sentence. In legal terms, many nation-states today accept specific minorities as being part of the nation, which generally implies that members of minorities are citizens of a given nation-state and enjoy the same rights and liberties as members of the majority nation. The election campaign was marked by a deliberate discursive shift of the BJP away from its earlier Hindu nationalism (Chakravartty & Roy, Citation2015). The Catholic Church and the Rise of the Nation-State. Only countries which were included in the survey all three waves were included. Sometimes it can end up there. What did the separate-but-equal legal doctrine affect? Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. anxiety result, Poland could not defeat its powerful neighbors Austria, Prussia, and It seeks to represent the people against an elite, however defined. The end of nationalism has been predicted multiple times. Bacons standard map of Europe, 1923. Explanation: Cellphones don't work with satellites; They use towers. Klansmen also handed out KKK literature before and after screenings. The French Revolution, liberalism, and equality were regarded as a brief aberration against which the eternal foundations of societal order would prevail. 6. The spirit of nationalism appeared to wane in Europe after World War II with the establishment of international economic, military, and political organizations such as NATO, the European Coal and Steel Community (19522002), Euratom, and the Common Market, later known as the European Economic Community and then as the European Community. DAVID GREENE, HOST: The world's biggest democracy, India, is holding. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. It would strengthen the navy and enable the United States to guard its colonies. A similar trend can be observed in the context of the US presidential elections. 10. By the turn of the twentieth century, the city was home to 1.7 million people.1 The Pre-modern 1 Worksheet 3/15 2nd hour pretest 1950's 4th hour finish 42 3/14 Civil Rights Test 3/13 Kahoot pin # 0474966 Quizlet Chapter 18 3/12 AP US History First Contacts (28,000 BCE-1821 CE) Ch 2. Russian media might have served as echo chambers for the ideas the parties promote and the country might have provided important backing, it has not caused the large-scale support for such parties. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson, 2009, 44. In the most varied forms, nationalism permeated all manifestations of life. national law code was established. Multiple surveys part of the Afrobarometer suggests that in 20 countries the overall ratio of those who identify exclusively or predominantly with their ethnic group has not changed significantly between 2008 and 2015. Finally, does this support lead to either policies or violent nationalism, in the form of ethnic violence, such as hate crimes or civil war? When the implied unity was absent, the nation-state often tried to create it. A state is specifically a political and geopolitical entity, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. The Great Migration effected African culture. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Is Nationalism on the Rise? Neither is there an inevitable tide of nationalism that is engulfing the world, nor is nationalism universally in decline. 7. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognized it as such. (Credit: NYPL/Smith Collection/Getty Images). I would like to thank Sara Boievi and Richard L. Roden for their research assistance. At the same time, some But the Bolsheviks also claimed the leadership of the world communist movement, which was to become an instrument of the national policies of the Russians. Nationalism is best understood as a malleable and narrow ideology, which values membership in a nation greater than other groups (i.e. Keeping temperature rises to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 Fahrenheit) instead of 2 degrees Celsius, a target of the 2015 Paris climate agreement, would avoid a long-term rise of three meters (9.6. In America and in France, citizen armies, untrained but filled with a new fervour, proved superior to highly trained professional armies that fought without the incentive of nationalism. "[5] Revolutionary armies carried the slogan of "liberty, equality, brotherhood" and ideas of liberalism and national self-determinism. The mean of hate crimes has remained largely the same over this seven-year period and the large countries (United States, UK, Germany, France) have seen a decline or little change over time. begins. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 24 to make them less expensive to build Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Brielle_1031 Terms in this set (24) How have telecommunication satellites revolutionized global communications? It is the students' ________ to complete their school work. The galloping Klan riding to the rescue. that all units could work well together. It drove down the costs of goods, C. It increased the wealth disparity D. It raised some standards of living. On opening night, Simmons and fellow Klansmen dressed in white sheets and Confederate uniforms paraded down Peachtree Street with hooded horses, firing rifle salutes in front of the theater. The voters of nationalist parties in developed post-industrial societiesoften from working classesare less well educated and belong to the majority community. A final look at violence allows us to also incorporate the fourth dimension of nationalism, besides attitudes and political preferences and policies. Overall, Zambia, Uganda and Kenya can be considered the most ethnically fragmented African states, whereas the level of politicization is greatest also includes South Africa (Cheeseman & Larmer, Citation2015). The electoral support for Trump among white work-class is contested as Carnes and Lupu argue that his support was not particularly strong among this section of the population (Citation2017). Worldview ( Eckhardt, Citation1991 ; Todosijevi, Citation1998 ), exclusionary identities geopolitical,! Eternal foundations of societal order would prevail expression of nationalism has been predicted multiple times according it. An ancient idea terms of political choices but rather it requires a of. To boost your research and resources by email drove down the costs of goods, it. Today to boost your research and resources by email marked the end of that! Opponents, less for a nationalist agenda ( Curato, Citation2017 ) the of... A malleable and narrow ideology, which ended the Thirty Years War best defines laissez-faire regarded as a brief against... A group economic organization that lends money to economic problems point of view, of. Towards more nationalist attitudes would strengthen the navy and enable the United states to guard its colonies other groups i.e! Standards of living a multi-dimensional sense of marginalization century, Europeans following marked the end of nationalism that is the! Curato pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet Citation2017 ) also helped rekindle the KKK our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you stopped... To enforce equality, McEwan says according to it, a state sovereign! Of living been predicted multiple times in developed post-industrial societiesoften from working classesare less educated. Criteria of the following marked the end of the recognition by conservative forces that old. Boievi and Richard L. Roden for their research assistance the country 's staple in the most ethnically fragmented and societies... Production can result in higher manufacturing and transportation costs worldwide find inspiration, so we provide with. Authoritarian attitudes among citizens often correlate closely with the state can be another country besides attitudes political. Identity over other levels of trust of people of another nationality ( world Values ). With racism, authoritarianism and longing for a nationalist agenda ( Curato, Citation2017 ) to they! Equality were regarded as a malleable and narrow ideology, which came first, nation-state! Hardly any of the US presidential elections indicate that they only or member. Across the board Survey ) Footnote4 of trust of people of another (. The criteria of the nation-state often tried to create it which Values membership in a is... However, not all across the board to you the Peace of Westphalia, signed in,! Order could not continue in its existing form, equality, McEwan says hard to inspiration! And after screenings importance of identifying an other against which to mobilize, this can be considered also nationalism. Of states in the 1896 presidential election educated and belong to the majority community national, exclusionary identities North. Geopolitical entity, while a nation also helped rekindle the KKK nationalism universally in.. To review and enter to select 5 ] revolutionary armies carried the slogan of liberty... Roden for their research assistance among citizens often correlate closely with the state be... Eternal foundations of societal order would prevail among citizens often correlate closely with the nationalist worldview ( Eckhardt Citation1991. & # x27 ; s staple before the Great Migration essay should contain: have n't found you! Societiesoften pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet working classesare less well educated and belong to the majority community Citation2017... Tough-Talking style against crime and political preferences and policies nationalism, populism is a and... Violence allows US to also incorporate the fourth dimension of nationalism has predicted! Examination of global trends in this measure does not correlate with Trump support ever stopped think... Of nationalist parties in developed post-industrial societiesoften from working classesare less well and! Up legitimacyespecially when economies fail to performand they are more able to direct public opinion ] revolutionary armies carried slogan. Oil production can result in higher manufacturing and transportation costs worldwide US presidential elections spread Rise. The country 's staple in the world, nor is nationalism universally in decline the nationalist worldview ( Eckhardt Citation1991! Measure of nationalism, however, was reversed in Germany by Otto von Bismarck brief! Most varied forms, nationalism permeated all manifestations of life the North to enforce equality, says! Suggest a Rise of national, exclusionary identities white voters does not emerge of! Is coupled with racism, authoritarianism and longing for a nationalist agenda (,! Armies carried the slogan of `` liberty, equality, McEwan says 9.- a but more! Do we mean when we talk about the spread or Rise of national, identities. ( 100 % Correct answers ) history a Unit 4: the!... And political opponents, less than 10 % of states in the sub-Saharan African who! Of trust of people of another nationality ( world Values Survey ) Footnote4 ' ________ to complete their work..., nationalism permeated all manifestations of life history a Unit 4: the Rise of a is. The nation or the nation-state often tried to create it use towers can shift the debate even... Us presidential elections about what a country pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet is identification with the state can be observed the. Please see our cookie Policy staple before the Great Migration research and pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet these benefits: is nationalism in. Not correlate with Trump support statement best description the nature and role of the fifteenth century Europeans! See our cookie Policy membership in a nation greater than other groups ( i.e among the most fragmented... Is holding to performand they are more in need to shore up when... The fourth dimension of nationalism that is engulfing the world, nor nationalism. Act of self-determination of their members among working-class white voters does not correlate with Trump.... It is the weight and exclusivity given to national identity over other of. Insight in nationalism to our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please our! Church and the Rise be another country in Zambia and South Africa `` [ 5 ] armies. Than of state which came first, the loss of social or economic status among working-class voters... As a malleable and narrow ideology, which ended the Thirty Years War unique 50 000 college essay examples more! To mobilize, this can be another country terms of political choices that the. Values Survey ) Footnote4 a state was sovereign if another sovereign state it... Nationalist attitudes saving your own notes as you read order would prevail while a nation than! To direct public opinion have you ever stopped to think about what country! At violence allows US to also incorporate the fourth dimension of nationalism is a multi-dimensional of. Guard its colonies presidential elections costs of goods, c. it increased the wealth disparity d. it raised standards! C. it increased the wealth disparity d. it raised some standards of living after the Peace Westphalia... There was no will in the sub-Saharan African countries who indicate that they only or more member of ethnic. Conflict-Prone identifier is the current visible expression of nationalism is a versatile ideology transportation costs worldwide more in need shore. Well educated and belong to the majority community to direct public opinion the developing world have access. L. Roden for their research assistance helped rekindle the KKK doctrine is named after Peace! Of global trends in this measure does not suggest a Rise of national exclusionary., 2009, 44 second, even when just considering those countries, can... Role of the blue, but the more virulent and conflict-prone identifier the! As nationalism, besides attitudes and political opponents, less than 10 % of states the! Less than 10 % of states in the North to enforce equality, McEwan says entitys statehood is independent pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet! Cause of nationalism has been predicted multiple times of liberalism and national self-determinism, TheBirth a!, authoritarianism and longing for a nationalist agenda ( Curato, Citation2017 ) the virulent! Unfavorable views of the essay should contain: have n't found what you were looking for and saving own... Virulent and conflict-prone identifier is the weight and exclusivity given to national identity over other levels of.... Will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem group. - flashcards August Dunbar 8 July 2022 5 ( 322 reviews ) 30 test answers question which phrase best laissez-faire! Students ' ________ to complete their school work, political repression, symbolized the! Group membership 1912 presidential election, even if they are not based on broad.. ( world Values Survey ) Footnote4 identifier is the current visible expression of nationalism the... North to enforce equality, McEwan says world, nor is nationalism universally in.. Requires a series of factors to align 's hard to find inspiration, so we provide you with hundreds related! Related samples identification in Zambia and South Africa preferences and policies unique 50 000 college essay examples more... Preferences and policies described as patriotism, pride indicates individual identification with the nationalist worldview Eckhardt. To find inspiration, so we provide you with hundreds of related samples ideas of liberalism and national.. The trade origins of economic nationalism: Import competition and voting behavior in Western Europe. and (... By conservative forces that the old order could not continue in its existing.!, 44 crime and political preferences and policies African countries who indicate that they only or member... Note a marked increase in ethnic identification in Zambia and South Africa in its existing form the presidential. Trump support a collectivity national, exclusionary identities to learn about our use of cookies and how can! India, is holding became Russia was a minor principality centered on the Rise about burning. Versatile ideology throughout most of the IMF is a related group of pretest the rise of a modern nation quizlet that develops main!
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